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101.
A field study was conducted in the fly ash lagoons of Santandih Thermal Power Plant located in West Bengal (India) to find
out total, EDTA and DTPA extractable metals in fly ash and their bioaccumulation in root and shoot portion of the naturally
growing vegetation. Fly ash sample has alkaline pH and low conductivity. The concentration of total Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni were
found higher than weathered fly ash and natural soil, where as Co, Cd and Cr were found traces. Five dominant vegetation namely,
Typha latifolia, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Amaranthus defluxes, Saccharum spontaenum and Cynodon dactylon were collected in the winter months (November–December). Bioaccumulation of metals in root and shoot portions were found
varied significantly among the species, but all concentration were found within toxic limits. Correlation between total, DTPA
and EDTA extractable metals viz. root and shoot metals concentration were studied. Translocation factor (TF) for Cu, Zn and
Ni were found less than unity, indicates that these metals are immobilized in the root part of the plants. Metals like Mn
have TF greater than unity. The study infers that natural vegetation removed Mn by phytoextraction mechanisms (TF > 1), while
other metals like Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni were removed by rhizofiltration mechanisms (TF < 1). The field study revealed that T. latifolia and S. spontaenum plants could be used for bioremediation of fly ash lagoon. 相似文献
102.
Guy Mercier Myriam Chartier Denis Couillard Jean-François Blais 《Environmental management》1999,24(4):517-528
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to leach metals from APCR to render them nonhazardous. The multistage solubilization process involves an alkaline aqueous
phase that removes some Pb. In the second phase, the APCR are acidified to pH 4 with H2SO4, then inoculated with a bacterial culture that has been acclimated in the presence of 2% Fe (FeCl3). Several rinses and decantings achieve removal of the leachable metals. The final step involves the addition of Ca(H2PO4)2 and an increase in the treatment pH prior to the final filtration. Viability of thiobacilli in APCR was poor. Despite this
problem, the removal of Pb was 35.9%, 46.0%, and 68.7% (for APCR containing 1594, 3026, and 5038 mg Pb/kg, respectively),
which demonstrates greater metal removal with increased APCR contamination. Zn removal varied from 68.2% (8273 mg Zn/kg APCR)
to 79.5% (16,873 mg Zn/kg APCR), which was positively correlated to the level of residue contamination, whereas Cu was removed
in the proportions of 26.9% (495 mg Cu/kg APCR) to 68.2% (465 mg Cu/kg APCR). Cadmium removal appeared to be independent of
the level of Cd in the APCR; Cd was removed to the greatest degree, with a variation of 92.0% (129 mg Cd/kg APCR) to 94.7%
(267 mg Cd/kg APCR). The treated APCR were tested using four different leachate tests. The APCR released 43 mg Pb/liter during
contact with water, and 7.40 mg Cd/liter during TCLP [the toxicity characterization leaching procedure of the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)]. After biological treatment, the leachate from TCLP was within the acceptance criteria
of the US EPA, if the pH of the APCR was increased to pH 5 after the biological treatment. In the case of the Transport Canada
leaching test, a betterment of the process is required in order to satisfy the stringent regulatory level of 0.5 mg Cd/liter
(0.68 and 0.57 mg/liter). 相似文献
103.
W. de Vries J.E. Groenenberg 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(12):3422-3432
This paper evaluates approaches to calculate acceptable loads for metal deposition to forest ecosystems, distinguishing between critical loads, stand-still loads and target loads. We also evaluated the influence of including the biochemical metal cycle on the calculated loads. Differences are illustrated by examples of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn for a deciduous forest on five major soil types in the Netherlands. Stand-still loads are generally lower than critical loads, which in turn are lower than the target loads indicating that present levels are below critical levels. Uncertainties in the calculated critical loads are mainly determined by the uncertainty in the critical limits and the chemical speciation model. Including the metal cycle has a small effect on the calculated critical loads. Results are discussed in view of the applicability of the critical load concept for metals in future protocols on the reduction in metal emissions. 相似文献
104.
Paint fragments have been collected from a variety of structures (e.g. walls, lamp posts, doors, railings) from the urban environment of Plymouth, UK, and concentrations of metals determined following acid digestion. Concentrations of most metals were highly variable and spanned several orders of magnitude among the samples (e.g. Pb = 4.5 to 36 900 μg g−1; Cr = 1.9 to 775 μg g−1; Zn = 39 to 23 500 μg g−1). The bioaccessibilities of the metals were evaluated using a physiologically based extraction test that simulates the chemical conditions of the human stomach and intestine. The bioaccessibility of a given metal was highly variable among the samples and was greater in the stomach than the intestine in some cases (e.g. Cd, Pb) and greater in the intestine in others (e.g. Co, Cr). Based on total and bioaccessible concentrations in urban paints, Pb remains the metal of greatest concern from a human health perspective. 相似文献
105.
Four sediment cores collected in the Seine River basin and dated between 1916 and 2003 were analyzed for lead concentrations and isotopic composition. In all four cores, the measured Pb concentration (up to 460 mg kg−1) lies significantly above the natural background (27-40 mg kg−1), although a significant decrease (down to 75 mg kg−1) was observed during the second half of the 20th century which can be explained by the reduction of lead emissions. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio measured in these samples indicates that the main source of Pb used in the Paris conurbation is characterized by a “Rio Tinto” signature (defined as 206Pb/207Pb = 1.1634 ± 0.0001). A high contribution, up to 25%, from the leaded gasoline (characterized by 206Pb/207Pb = 1.08 ± 0.02) is revealed in the Seine River downstream Paris, indicating that lead from the leaded gasoline is preferentially released to the river.The dominating Pb signature in the Paris conurbation that is currently sampled through incinerators fumes (206Pb/207Pb = 1.1550 ± 0.0005) and waste water treatment plant (206Pb/207Pb = 1.154 ± 0.002), represents a mixture of highly recycled lead from the Rio Tinto mine and lead from leaded gasoline (imprinted by the low 206Pb/207Pb of the Broken Hill mine). This signature is called “urban” rather than “industrial”, because it is clearly distinct from the Pb that is found in areas contaminated by heavy industry, i.e. the heavy industries located on the Oise River which used lead from European ores characterized by high 206Pb/207Pb ratios (∼1.18-1.19) and possibly a minor amount of North American lead (206Pb/207Pb ratios > 1.20). The “urban” signature is also found in a rural area upstream of Paris in the 1970’s. At the Seine River mouth in 2003, Pb with an urban signature represents 70% of the total Pb sediment content, with the 30% remaining corresponding to natural Pb. 相似文献
106.
Resuspension of contaminated field and formulated reference sediments Part I: Evaluation of metal release under controlled laboratory conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In aquatic systems where metal contaminated sediments are present, the potential exists for metals to be released to the water column when sediment resuspension occurs. The release and partitioning behavior of sediment-bound heavy metals is not well understood during resuspension events. In this study, the release of Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn from sediments during resuspension was evaluated using reference sediments with known physical and chemical properties. Sediment treatments with varying quantities of acid volatile sulfide (AVS), total organic carbon (TOC), and different grain size distributions were resuspended under controlled conditions to evaluate their respective effects on dissolved metal concentrations. AVS had the greatest effect on limiting release of dissolved metals, followed by grain size and TOC. Predictions of dissolved concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn were developed based on the formulated sediment Σmetal/AVS ratios with Σmetal being the total sediment metal concentration. Predicted values were compared to measured dissolved metal concentrations in contaminated field sediments resuspended under identical operating conditions. Metal concentrations released from the field sediments were low overall, in most cases lower than predicted values, reflecting the importance of other binding phases. Overall, results indicate that for sulfidic sediments, low levels of the study metals are released to the dissolved phase during short-term resuspension. 相似文献
107.
δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD; E.C. 4.2.1.24) is a metalloprotein and plays a crucial role in heme synthesis. Its sensitivity to toxic metals depends on the metallic co-factors. In this study the effects of some heavy metals on ALADs activity of five Pseudomonas isolates from Akar?ay stream (Afyonkarahisar) have been studied in order to determine whether their ALADs could be used as biosensor for lead and other heavy metals contamination. The data obtained from the study were analysed statistically by using SPSS 10.0 software for Windows. According to the results, Ni(II) increased the ALAD activity of Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and Pseudomonas aureginosa ATTC 27853. Mn(II) also increased the enzymic activity in all strains examined except P. pseudoalcaligenes. These were found not to be statistically meaningful. P. aeruginosa 2’s enzymic activity was inhibited by Mg(II) and Zn(II), significantly (p’lt;’.05). There was a statistically meaningful relation between enzymic activity of both P. pseudoalcaligenes, P. putida and increasing Pb(II) concentration (p’lt;’.05). In addition, a formula was also deviced in order to determine the doses of metals in the environment of the organisms. As a result of the study, we can suggest that Pseudomonas ALADs can be used as a biosensor for lead and some other heavy metal exposure in aquatic environments. 相似文献
108.
Maiti SK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,125(1-3):111-122
Major environmental impacts of opencast mining are degradation of landscape and aesthetics of the area by creating huge overburden
dumps and deep voids at the mining sites. These overburden dumps are characterised by high rock fragment contents, low moisture
retention capacity, higher bulk density, low nutrients, lower pH and elevated metal concentrations. Overburden dumps are reclaimed
by tree species for stabilising as well as pollution control and overall improvement of the visual aesthetics. A field study
was carried out in the old reclaimed coal mine overburden dumps at KD Heslong project, Central Coalfields, India to study
the physico-chemical changes in the reclaimed overburden dumps and determines the magnitude of trace elements accumulation
in the planted tree species. Total, bioavailable and acid extractable trace metals concentration in minesoils of overburden
dump and topsoil in the mining areas was compared with undisturbed soil. The study showed that tree plantation improves the
moisture contents, bulk density, pH and overall nutrient contents of minesoils. The study revealed that lower pH in the minesoils
increases the bioavailabity of metals but concentration were found within toxic limits. However, ratio between total and bioavailable
metals was found lower in overburden dumps than topsoil due to low pH and lack of organic matter. Out of six tree species
studied, Bambusa shows highest accumulation of Fe and Cr. Bioaccumulation coefficient for Cr and Zn was found 74 times in Bambusa and 83 times in Dalbergia sissoo. The results of the study underscore the need for close monitoring of trace elements in reclaimed overburden dumps. Tree
species like Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus, Cassia seamea, Acaccia mangium and Peltaphorum were found to be the best species for bioreclamation of overburden dumps. 相似文献
109.
Samuel K. Marx Balz S. Kamber Atun Zawadzki 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1615-276
Two peat bogs from remote alpine sites in Australia were found to contain detailed and coherent histories of atmospheric metal pollution for Pb, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ag, As, Cd, Sb, Zn, In, Cr, Ni, Tl and V. Dramatic increases in metal deposition in the post-1850 AD portion of the cores coincide with the onset of mining in Australia. Using both Pb isotopes and metals, pollutants were ascribed to the main atmospheric pollution emitting sources in Australia, namely mining and smelting, coal combustion and agriculture. Results imply mining and metal production are the major source of atmospheric metal pollution, although coal combustion may account for up to 30% of metal pollutants. A novel finding of this study is the increase in the otherwise near-constant Y/Ho ratio after 1900 AD. We link this change to widespread and increased application of marine phosphate fertiliser in Australia's main agricultural area (the Murray Darling Basin). 相似文献
110.
Mait Kriipsalu Marcia Marques Aleksander Maastik 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(1):79-86
Partly due to the complex and variable composition of oily sludge generated by the petroleum industry, cost-effective treatment
and proper disposal pose considerable challenges worldwide. In this study, an extended component-based analysis of the oily
sludge from a flocculation-flotation unit of a wastewater treatment system in a refinery in Sweden was carried out over 1
year. The heterogeneity of the oily sludge is illustrated by the wide ranges of concentrations found for different chemical
components, particularly metals. Among the petroleum hydrocarbons, the most abundant compounds were nonpolar aliphatic hydrocarbons
(63.7 ± 16.7 g kg−1); from the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene group, xylenes (91–240 mg kg−1) were most abundant; and among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalene (25.7 ± 21.4), fluorene (27.25 ± 10.0), and
phenanthrene (43.8 ± 18.4 mg kg−1) were most abundant (all results in terms of dry matter). Based on the EU guidelines and the mean concentration values for
metals found in the oily sludge, e.g., Pb (135.4 ± 125.8), Cu (105.2 ± 79.1), Hg (42.8 ± 31.3), Ni (320 ± 267.4), and Zn (1321.7
± 529.9 mg kg−1), disposal of oily sludge even in landfills for hazardous waste is not allowed. The organic content of the sludge can be
reduced through biotreatment, but not the metal content. A multistep component-based treatment scheme is therefore needed. 相似文献