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51.
Dental clinics: a point pollution source, not only of mercury but also of other amalgam constituents
Current literature suggests that amalgam waste from dental clinics is a point-source of mercury pollution in the environment. However, apart from mercury, other amalgam constituents (e.g. Ag, Sn, Cu, and Zn) in dental clinics’ wastewater have not been reported in the literature before. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of mercury and other metals in the wastewater of some dental clinics and the influent of a wastewater treatment plant in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah (KSA). Samples were collected over a 2-month period from three dental clinics and analyzed for metals using ICP-MS. The mean concentrations of Hg, Ag, Sn, Cu, and Zn in the samples were 5.3 ± 11.1, 0.49 ± 0.96, 3.0 ± 10.7, 10.0 ± 14.5, and 76.7 ± 106 mg L−1, respectively. Additionally, high concentrations of other metals such as Mg (14.4 ± 15.2 mg L−1), Mn (3.0 ± 4.6 mg L−1), Fe (3.0 ± 4.5 mg L−1), Sr (1.6 ± 2.4 mg L−1), and Ba (6.9 ± 10.3 mg L−1) were also found. These values are much higher than the local permissible limits. Most of the metals of interest were also detected in the influent of the wastewater treatment plant. This renders dental clinics wastewater a hazardous waste which should be properly treated before it is discharged into the environment. 相似文献
52.
After a prolonged drafting and consultation process, South Africa has introduced a new royalty charge to holders of mineral development rights. Deciding on an acceptable royalty is a complex process, especially when it targets deceptive economic rents. This is achieved with a variable royalty rate that slides in tandem with mine profitability. The base is sales revenue and to compensate for the need to charge for the mineral in its unprocessed form, refined production is charged at a lower rate. The aim of this paper is to discuss the Royalty Act in the context of its background, the underlying theory and fundamental principles. This paper argues that the fundamental principles on which the Act is based are sound, but raises a concern on potentially high compliance and reporting costs. 相似文献
53.
Heidi Van den Broeck Hans De Wolf Ronny Blust 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1791-1799
Metal (i.e. Ag, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) and metallothionein (MT) concentrations in the soft tissue of Littorina littorea were measured along the heavily polluted Western Scheldt (WS) and relatively clean Eastern Scheldt (ES) estuary. Along the WS metal and MT levels in periwinkles reflected the known downstream decreasing pollution gradient. Surprisingly in ES animals As, Mn and Zn concentrations decreased from east to west reflecting past pollution. Compared to the WS metal concentrations of ES periwinkles were significantly lower and both estuaries were maximally discriminated from each other based on their Cd soft tissue concentration using a canonical discriminant analysis. Furthermore, no overall difference was found in MT levels among animals from both estuaries. Using previously obtained condition data (i.e. dry/wet weight ratio and lipid content) the relation between soft tissue metal concentration (i.e. Cd, Cu and Zn) and fitness indicators (i.e. MT and condition data) was examined using a canonical correlation analysis. Periwinkles with a high metal load (i.e. Cd and Zn) also had high MT levels but were in a relatively poor condition. 相似文献
54.
Wang Xiaolong Han Jingyi Zhang Qi 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1513-1520
To delineate the character of contaminations in the Grand Canal, China, a three-year study (2004-2006) was conducted to investigate variations the water quality in the canal. Results showed that the variation of water quality within the Grand Canal was of there is remarkable spatial and seasonal heterogeneity regarding water quality within the Canal. Values of contaminants in dry-season were obviously higher than those in wet-season. Sites influenced strongly by industry and urbanization showed higher contents of nutrients and lower levels of dissolved oxygen in water body; moreover these sites were severely polluted by dissolved metals with the contents of cadmium, chromium and copper exceeding the Criteria Maximum Concentration (CMC), US EPA. Multivariate statistical analysis suggested nutrient and dissolved metals pollution was the dominant environmental problems within the Canal. Anthropogenic influences played a dominant role in the character of contaminations in the Grand Canal. 相似文献
55.
Aquatic pollution by metals is of concern because of various toxic effects to marine life. The Tolka Estuary, Co. Dublin, Ireland, is a typical Irish urban estuary. It has a significant metal loading originating from the urban environment. Results of a 25month analysis of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc spatial and temporal distribution over 10 sample locations in this estuary are presented in this paper. Metal concentrations were analysed using differential pulse polarography. Significant seasonal and spatial trends in metal distribution were observed over the 25months. Sediment metal concentrations gradually increased (30-120%) in spring to a maximum at the end of summer which was followed by a decrease in winter months (30-60%). Sediment organic matter (OM) concentrations exhibited similar seasonal trends and a positive correlation between OM and metal distributions was observed, implying OM had an influence on metal distributions over time. 相似文献
56.
Mayer T Rochfort Q Borgmann U Snodgrass W 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(1):143-151
A comprehensive study was carried out to investigate the impacts of road salts on the benthic compartment of a small urban detention facility, Rouge River Pond. Although the pond is an engineered water body, it is representative of many small urban lakes, ponds and wetlands, which receive road runoff and are probable high impact areas. Specific objectives of the study were to document the porewater chemistry of an aquatic system affected by elevated salt concentrations and to carry out a toxicological assessment of sediment porewater to determine what factors may cause porewater toxicity. The results indicate that the sediment porewater may itself attain high salt concentrations. The computations show that increased chloride levels have important implications on the Cd complexation, augmenting its concentration in porewater. The toxicity tests suggest that the toxicity in porewater is caused by metals or other toxic chemicals, rather than high levels of chloride. 相似文献
57.
Vijver MG Spijker J Vink JP Posthuma L 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):832-839
Metals in floodplain soils and sediments (deposits) can originate from lithogenic and anthropogenic sources, and their availability for uptake in biota is hypothesized to depend on both origin and local sediment conditions. In criteria-based environmental risk assessments, these issues are often neglected, implying local risks to be often over-estimated. Current problem definitions in river basin management tend to require a refined, site-specific focus, resulting in a need to address both aspects. This paper focuses on the determination of local environmental availabilities of metals in fluvial deposits by addressing both the origins of the metals and their partitioning over the solid and solution phases. The environmental availability of metals is assumed to be a key force influencing exposure levels in field soils and sediments. Anthropogenic enrichments of Cu, Zn and Pb in top layers could be distinguished from lithogenic background concentrations and described using an aluminium-proxy. Cd in top layers was attributed to anthropogenic enrichment almost fully. Anthropogenic enrichments for Cu and Zn appeared further to be also represented by cold 2 M HNO3 extraction of site samples. For Pb the extractions over-estimated the enrichments. Metal partitioning was measured, and measurements were compared to predictions generated by an empirical regression model and by a mechanistic-kinetic model. The partitioning models predicted metal partitioning in floodplain deposits within about one order of magnitude, though a large inter-sample variability was found for Pb. 相似文献
58.
Chemical Characteristics of Urban Stormwater Sediments and Implications for Environmental Management, Maricopa County, Arizona 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
On the basis of published guidelines, urban stormwater sediments do not appear to constitute a major regional environmental
problem with respect to the chemical characteristics investigated here. At individual sites, high concentrations of organic
compounds—chlordane, dieldrin, PCBs, and toxaphene—may require some attention. The possible environmental hazard presented
by low-level organochlorine contamination is not addressed in this paper; however, high levels of toxicity in urban sediments
are difficult to explain. Sediment toxicity varied significantly with time, which indicates that these tests should be evaluated
carefully before they are used for management decisions. 相似文献
59.
Jelena Todorovic Malin Svensson Inga Herrmann Holger Ecke 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2006,8(2):145-153
In municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), bottom ash, generated at a stoker grate type incinerator, the critical elements
were identified in terms of EU regulation. The stabilizing effect of moderate carbonation (pH 8.28 ± 0.03) on critical contaminants
was studied through availability and diffusion leaching protocols. Data from the performed tests were evaluated with the goal
of reusing MSWI bottom ash as secondary construction material. To investigate the mobilizing effect of CO2, suspended MSWI bottom ash was severely carbonated (pH 6.40 ± 0.07). The effect of CO2 and its interaction with other leaching factors, such as liquid/solid (L/S) ratio, leaching time, pH, ultrasound treatment,
and leaching temperature, were examined using a reduced 26-1 experimental design. Contaminants identified as critical were Cr, Cu, Mo, Sb, Cl−, and SO4
2−. Although moderate carbonation decreased the release of Cr, Cu, Mo, and Sb from compacted bottom ash, the main disadvantage
remains its inability to demobilize Cl− and SO4
2−. The hypothesized mobilizing effect of severe carbonation was proven. The treatment enhanced the separation of critical components
(α = 0.05) (except for Cl−), i.e., about fivefold for Sb and about twofold for Cr, Cu, and S. Nevertheless, the prospect is good that severe carbonation
could constitute the deciding key parameter to facilitate the technical feasibility of a future washing process for MSWI bottom
ash. 相似文献
60.
Several submerged barges were recently removed from the Passaic River, New Jersey, USA, in two areas (areas 1 and 2) where
contaminated sediments are known to exist. During removal of the single barge in area 1, elevated turbidity levels and chemical
parameters were measured. Greater increases were measured in area 2, where several barges were removed. In both areas, water
column concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and several metals exceeded one or more water quality criteria; turbidity levels in area
2 also exceeded regulatory criteria. Potential chemical bioaccumulation from the water column into residential aquatic receptors
was estimated using standard models and assumptions. The modeled results predicted that steady-state tissue concentrations
of bioaccumulative chemicals would not occur as a result of the brief increase in water column concentrations that occurred
during barge removal but that metals and PCDD/Fs could bioaccumulate to levels that exceed regulatory ecological criteria
during long-term sediment disturbance activities. In addition, based on some simplistic assumptions regarding settling of
suspended sediments, we estimate that chemical bioaccumulation from surface sediments into the food web could result in substantial
increases in PCDD/F body burdens in the benthic forage fish, mummichog. Our findings are consistent with the limited number
of field studies that have measured increased body burdens of bioaccumulative chemicals following dredging. We suggest that,
prior to consideration of extensive dredging as a remedial alternative for any river system, the potential significant and
long-term impacts on the food web must be evaluated. 相似文献