Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in the presence of primary substrate by immobilized pure culture bacteria

In this study, pure strains that are capable of utilizing 2,4,6-trichlorophenol have been isolated from the mixed culture grown on substrates containing chlorophenolic compounds. Studies have been carried out on the capability of these isolated pure strains in suspended and immobilized forms to decompose 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Additionally, the influence of primary substrates (e.g., phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol) on the decomposition of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by the isolated pure strains grown in immobilized form is also investigated. The results are: Through bacterial isolation and identification, three pure strains have been obtained: Pseudomonas spp. strain 01, Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 and Agrobacterium spp. Whether in suspended or immobilized forms, all strains have poor removal efficiencies of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. However, addition of 200 mg/l phenol will enable the immobilized Pseudomonas spp. strain 01, and Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 to achieve 65% and 48% removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, respectively. Addition of phenol will assist the immobilized Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 in achieving removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol but the removal efficiency is not good if the phenol concentration is too low. The optimum phenol concentration should be between 200 and 400 mg/l.     

Decreased blood level of β2-microglobulin in the employees of a factory which produced polychlorinated biphenyls

Under the project of evaluating the health status of the employees of CHEMKO factory (East Slovakia) which produced PCBs between 1955 and 1985, the level of β₂-microglobulin (β₂-m) was measured in the serum of 242 subjects from CHEMKO (Group A) and two control groups from much less polluted areas: 1. 277 females from a small mountainous village (Group B), 2. 179 adults from the area of a large city of Ko ice (Group C). The level of thymidine kinase (TK) was measured in the groups A and B only. In addition, age-matched groups of 155 women each from all areas were evaluated. In both the whole group and the age-matched group from CHEMKO the level of β₂-m was significantly lower (P<0.001) than that in the respective control groups, while no difference was found in the level of TK. In conclusion, it is suggested that the decrease of β₂-m in CHEMKO employees might be related to the immunotoxic effects of organochlorines.     

Study on the fluorescence characteristics of bromadiolone in aqueous and organized media and application in analysis

The fluorescence spectroscopic behavior of bromadiolone (anticoagulant rodenticide), a substituted 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative, was investigated in water and in organized media like micelles and cyclodextrins. A detailed study on various photophysical parameters like fluorescence intensity (I_F), quantum yield (), lifetime (τ) and steady state fluorescence anisotropy (r) of bromadiolone in aqueous and in organized media was carried out. Bromadiolone in aqueous solution was observed to be in an aggregated state, thereby showing weak emission due to self-quenching. Marked enhancement of fluorescence intensity was observed in organized media like micelles and β-cyclodextrin. A preliminary investigation has been done to find out whether this enhancement of fluorescence can be used to develop a sensitive analytical method for determination of bromadialone in aqueous media. A linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and concentration of bromadiolone was observed in the range of 0.15–7.9 μg ml⁻¹ in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 0.5–26.4 μg ml⁻¹ in β-cyclodextrin medium. The lower detection limit was found to be 37 ng ml⁻¹ in presence of CTAB and 23 ng ml⁻¹ in β-cyclodextrin. Comparison with 4-hydroxycoumarin, an unsubstituted analogue, was made.     

北京冬春和夏初季节大气O3浓度的垂直分布特征

为探究北京地区不同季节大气O₃浓度垂直分布特征,于2010年12月1日—2011年3月31日（冬春季）和2011年5月7日—6月9日（夏初）,在北京北部地区的中国环境科学研究院内,利用第三代移动式大气环境激光雷达系统,对$\varphi $（SO₂）、$\varphi $（NO₂）以及$\varphi $（O₃）和气溶胶后向散射系数垂直方向和垂直剖面进行试验观测,并结合天气要素的变化进行了分析研究.结果表明:①$\varphi $（O₃）存在明显的季节变化,表现为夏季>春季>冬季,同时晴天、微风、逆温条件等气象背景是O₃污染过程出现的主要气象因素,在微风和南风的情况下,会出现高$\varphi $（O₃）带,在北风影响情况下,$\varphi $（O₃）相对较低,雨水冲洗的作用对$\varphi $（O₃）分布也有明显的影响;②$\varphi $（O₃）的日变化曲线呈单峰单谷型,$\varphi $（O₃）峰值一般出现在14:00—18:00之间,谷值则出现在22:00—翌日09:00之间;③$\varphi $（O₃）垂直分布呈现单峰、双峰、多峰型分布等多种垂直分布特征,10 km以上高空这3种分布特征均有出现,但是在5 km以下的近地面$\varphi $（O₃）垂直和斜程分布基本呈现多峰型,斜程方向上$\varphi $（O₃）的高低与下垫面及其所排放的O₃前体物有密切的关系;④$\varphi $（O₃）垂直分布呈现一定的不均匀性,其数值范围浮动比较小,最大值之间相差30×10-9.研究显示,$\varphi $（O₃）垂直规律主要表现出两种分布特征,一种是在3~5 km处有高浓度的堆积区,另一种则没有明显高值堆积区.      

FeCl3改性MOFs在低温下对Hg0的吸附性能

为提高吸附剂对Hg0（零价汞）的吸附效率,利用MOFs（金属有机框架）材料发达的孔隙结构和高比表面积（1 997.010 0 m2/g）,采用FeCl₃溶液浸渍改性,制备了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）用于脱除Hg0.在小型固定床反应器上考察了浸渍浓度、反应温度、氧含量等对Hg0去除的影响.结果表明:FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）在进口ρ（Hg0）为2×10-3 mg/L,c（FeCl₃）为0.2 mol/L,反应温度60℃,气体流速400 mL/min,φ（O₂）为1%的条件下,吸附穿透时间长达62 h,相应的吸附容量为14.27 mg/g.在此基础上,进一步利用BET（比表面积测试）、SEM（扫描电镜）-EDX（能量色散X射线光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）等常用表征手段研究了改性前后吸附剂的物理化学特性,证明了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）吸附零价汞是物理吸附与化学吸附共同作用的结果,含氯官能团在吸附Hg0过程中也发挥了相当大的作用,并且氧气可促进其吸附效果.最后,分析了其吸附机理.研究显示,该种吸附剂在低温条件下具有较为优良的脱汞性能,应用前景良好.      

重庆远郊丰都雪玉洞流域大气无机氮湿沉降变化特征与来源分析

以重庆市远郊的丰都雪玉洞流域为研究对象,利用气象站和大气氮沉降仪获取2015年7月~2017年12月的大气降水、NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N等数据,通过NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N比以及气团后向轨迹模拟探讨了流域大气无机氮湿沉降来源.结果表明:(1)在观测期内,流域DIN总沉降通量为21.37×103kg·a-1,单位面积沉降通量为14.25 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),其中NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N分别为7.72 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)和6.53 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),分别占DIN湿沉降量的54%和46%;(2)DIN湿沉降通量和浓度表现出明显的季节变化,春夏季DIN湿沉降量比秋冬季节高50%,而秋冬季湿沉降的DIN浓度比春夏季高30%;(3)NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N介于0.29~2.27之间,雨季(4月~9月)NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N1,旱季(10月~次年3月)NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N1,表明流域雨季DIN湿沉降主要来源农业源,旱季主要来源于城市源;(4)流域雨季主要受东南风的影响,大气湿沉降的NH_4~+-N来源于当地与流域东南方向的农业源,旱季主要受西南风影响,大气湿沉降的NO_3~--N来源于流域西南方向的重庆市区和涪陵等城市源.     

GAC-O3/H2O2体系去除准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中难降解有机物的研究

为了降低准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机物浓度和提高体系可生化性,构建了GAC(粒状活性炭)-O_3/H_2O_2体系催化降解矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机物.同时,考察了体系O_3、GAC和H_2O_2投加量、初始pH值对GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系处理渗滤液尾水的影响,并使用分子量分布、紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱解析了难降解有机物在GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系的转化机制.结果表明:在GAC投加量为10 g·L-1,O_3投加量为32.16 mg·min-1,H_2O_2投加量为3 m L·L-1,初始pH值为5的条件下,反应20 min后,其渗滤液尾水的COD和UV245分别从700.08 mg·L~(-1)和0.488下降到393.85 mg·L~(-1)和0.244,COD和UV254的去除率分别为43.80%和50.00%.经GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系处理后,得益于含芳香环有机物的有效降解,渗滤液尾水中大分子有机物(大于50 k Da)明显减少,分子量小于1 k Da的有机物比例增多.与此同时,紫外区类富里酸荧光区及可见光区类富里酸荧光区峰值也大幅降低,其去除率分别为70.20%和58.69%,B/C从0.04增加到0.35,这也使得废水可生化性大幅提高.     

强化混凝和改性活性炭对二级出水DON的作用机制

探讨强化混凝和改性活性炭对城市污水厂二级出水中溶解性有机氮（DON）作用机制,分析相对分子量以及亲疏水组分变化,并考察氯化消毒副产物生成势变化特征,结合三维荧光（3DEEM）光谱分析手段,对强化混凝和活性炭吸附前后DON组成,化学结构特征进行研究.结果表明：强化混凝可以明显提高DON的去除效果,DON去除率通过pH值强化混凝提高到1.45倍,臭氧强化混凝提高到2.06倍,PAC强化混凝提高到2.09倍,PAM强化混凝提高到1.96倍.活性炭对DON吸附过程更符合准二级动力学模型.DON吸附过程中,酸改性活性炭表面主要是π-π色散力作用机理,而碱改性活性炭表面主要是给电子-受电子复合物形成机制.在强化混凝和活性炭吸附作用下,DON的相对分子量和组分发生较大变化,而消毒副产物的生成势大幅下降.经3DEEM和光谱区域体积积分法（FRI）分析,在强化混凝和活性炭吸附过程中DON及消毒副产物生成潜势与荧光区域Ⅱ和区域Ⅳ所代表物质有关.     

多核yolk?shell型Co3O4@mSiO2纳米反应器降解双酚A

采用阳离子表面活性剂协助的自模板法合成了中空介孔SiO₂微球（HMSS）,然后向含HMSS的悬浮液中加入醋酸钴溶液和氨水,让两种溶液经HMSS表面介孔进入空腔中反应生成Co₃O₄内核,合成了多核yolk-shell型Co₃O₄@mSiO₂（介孔SiO₂）纳米反应器.结合XRD、XPS、SEM、STEM、BET等手段,分析了纳米反应器的形貌、结构、元素形态和比表面积.结果显示纳米反应器均匀分散,粒径约为300nm,表面布满介孔,内部分布大量Co₃O₄纳米粒子,拥有极大的比表面积161m²/g,远大于Co₃O₄纳米粒子的比表面积35m²/g,能有效吸附双酚A（BPA）,1h吸附容量达12.7mg/g.多核yolk-shell型Co₃O₄@mSiO₂纳米反应器能高效催化过一硫酸氢盐（PMS）降解BPA,2h降解率达81.8%,远高于Co₃O₄纳米粒子的降解率51.3%,同时能节省PMS的投加量,避免水中盐度过高.此外,合成的纳米反应器具有很好的再利用性,在pH值3~9范围内表现出稳定而高效的催化性能.     

不同侧压力系数下圆形巷道变形破裂规律分析

为研究侧压力系数对巷道周边岩体稳定性的影响,以一条深埋圆形巷道工程为背景,采用离散颗粒元软件PFC3D分析了5种侧压力系数下巷道周边岩体的应力差、位移、破裂分布模式和微裂纹数等,得到了圆形巷道周边岩体应力、变形和破裂随侧压力系数的变化规律。结果表明,1)随侧压力系数增大,巷道顶底部浅部岩体主应力差先增大后减小,深部岩体主应力差逐渐增大;而巷道两帮浅部岩体主应力差变化较小,深部岩体主应力差先减小后增大。这表明在相同埋深情况下,高侧压力系数不一定会对帮部岩体造成更大的破坏,但更容易使顶板产生高剪应力,不利于顶板岩体的稳定。2)侧压力系数越大,巷道顶板岩体竖向位移就越小,且其由拱顶往外平滑递减的规律性也越不明显,而帮部岩体水平位移变化规律与顶板岩体相反。3)巷道顶底部围岩在侧压力系数较大的情况下较易发生破裂,并随侧压力系数增大,其破裂范围越来越大;巷道两帮岩体则在不同侧压力系数下均会发生破裂,且其破裂范围随侧压力系数增大而略减小。4)不同侧压力系数下,巷道岩体总裂纹数都随开挖时间呈指数增长;且当巷道开挖完成后,岩体总裂纹数与侧压力系数呈抛物线关系。