甲烷13C同位素比值表征温度对甲烷生成途径的影响

采用测试气相碳同位素比值的方法比较了中温厌氧降解和高温厌氧降解过程中甲烷（CH₄）生成途径的差异,表征了生活垃圾厌氧消化过程CH₄生成途径的演变,并结合气液相化学组分和产甲烷菌荧光原位杂交（FISH）分析对同位素表征结果进行了验证.中温（35℃）条件下,垃圾降解初期甲烷¹³C同位素比值（δ¹³CH₄）下降至-69.5‰,表明此阶段CH₄主要产生自CO₂还原途径;随着垃圾降解进入快速产CH₄阶段,δ¹³CH₄值相应迅速上升至-23.8‰,说明乙酸发酵逐渐成为CH₄生成的主要途径,FISH实验结果也发现此阶段以乙酸发酵型产甲烷菌Methanosarcinaceae为主;当产CH₄速率逐渐减小进入稳定期时,δ¹³CH₄值迅速降低至-55‰后相对稳定,说明乙酸发酵途径的比例减小,并且维持在较稳定的水平.高温（55℃）条件下,δ¹³CH₄值始终维持在约-70‰,表明甲烷主要由CO₂还原作用生成,在快速产CH₄阶段,乙酸氧化和CO₂还原作用是CH₄生成的重要途径.     

氮输入对三江湿地小叶章不同生长阶段土壤产生CH_4能力的影响

在小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)不同生长阶段,用室内鲜土培养法对土壤CH4的产生能力进行了研究.结果表明,氮输入后,植物各生长阶段的土壤CH4产生率均随时间的推移发生了明显的波动.从生长季(6月7日～8月24日)CH4产生率均值来看,不同氮输入水平对土壤CH4产生起促进作用;不同氮输入水平对植物不同生长阶段CH4产生率影响明显.第一(6月7日～7月2日)、第二(7月2日～7月20日)阶段适量的氮输入(6g.m-2)对CH4产生起促进作用,但过量氮输入(12g.m-2)会对CH4产生起抑制作用;而第三(7月20日～8月7日)、第四(8月7日～8月24日)阶段不同氮输入均对CH4产生起促进作用;氮输入后,土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤微生物量氮(MBN)、土壤基础呼吸(BR)、土壤代谢熵(qCO2)、土壤诱导呼吸(SIR)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和植物地上生物量与土壤CH4产生的动态关系存在差异.土壤CH4产生与qCO2呈显著正相关(p0.01),与土壤MBN、TOC和地上生物量呈显著正相关(p0.05).     

2,4-D异辛脂原药生产废水处理工艺的研究

针对2,4D异辛脂原药生产中产生的工艺废水化学需氧量和异辛脂污染物浓度高、毒性大。废水日产量和排放量相对较少,排放周期短、气温低等特性,研究废水在较短周期内,克服低气温条件,以一套处理工艺,采用多种方法协同作用,使多组分污染物经处理后都能够实现达标排放。通过实验室研究,确定化学絮凝、活性炭吸附铁炭等多种技术方法应用于同一废水中对多组分污染物处理时的最佳药剂的投放量和最佳停留时间。并用数理统计理论分析了处理效果的相关性,制定了铁-炭还原-混凝-MPAC处理工艺,并使其成功地应用于实际废水处理中,取得了预期的处理效果。     

基于直接进样-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法的水中2甲4氯残留测定

针对目前水体中MCPA检测灵敏度不够,缺乏一种无需前处理、可直接上机、简单便捷方法的问题,以超高液相色谱串联质谱仪,建立了一种以电喷雾离子源ESI-为电离模式、MRM为监测模式、可直接进样测定水体中MCPA残留的方法。结果表明,最优方法条件为定量离子对199.0/140.9(m/z),流动相乙腈和水梯度洗脱,色谱柱Acquity UPLC HSS T3。在MCPA质量浓度为0.1~100μg/L范围内线性良好(R2=99.99%),检出限为0.006μg/L,定量限为0.018μg/L,是现有直接进样法的23~83倍,完全满足水体中MCPA的检测要求(<0.1μg/L)。在添加水平为1~100μg/L时,回收率为94.30%~105.60%,相对标准偏差为1.05%~3.61%,具有前处理简单、准确性高、精密度好、灵敏度高等优点。     

Increased egg estradiol concentration feminizes digit ratios of male pheasants (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phasianus colchicus</Emphasis>)

The length ratio between individual digits differs between males and females in humans, other mammals, lizards, and one bird species. Sexual dimorphism in digit ratios and variation among individuals of the same sex may depend on differential exposure to androgens and estrogens during embryonic life. Organizational effects of sex hormones could cause the observed correlations between digit ratios and diverse phenotypic traits in humans. However, no study has investigated experimentally the effect of prenatal estrogens on digit ratios. We analyzed the effect of estradiol injection in ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) eggs on digit ratios. Males from control eggs had higher ratios between the second or third and the fourth digit of the right foot compared to females. Estradiol-treated eggs produced males with lower (feminized) right foot second to fourth digit ratio. Thus, we provided the first experimental evidence that prenatal exposure to physiologically high estrogen levels affects bird digit ratios.     

Effect of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice soil in north India

Physiological changes in crop plants in response to the elevated tropospheric ozone (O₃) may alter N and C cycles in soil. This may also affect the atmosphere-biosphere exchange of radiatively important greenhouse gases (GHGs), e.g. methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soil. A study was carried out during July to November of 2007 and 2008 in the experimental farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to assess the effects of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil. Rice crop was grown in open top chambers (OTC) under elevated ozone (EO), non-filtered air (NF), charcoal filtered air (CF) and ambient air (AA). Seasonal mean concentrations of O₃ were 4.3 ± 0.9, 26.2 ± 1.9, 59.1 ± 4.2 and 27.5 ± 2.3 ppb during year 2007 and 5.9 ± 1.1, 37.2 ± 2.5, 69.7 ± 3.9 and 39.2 ± 1.8 ppb during year 2008 for treatments CF, NF, EO and AA, respectively. Cumulative seasonal CH₄ emission reduced by 29.7% and 40.4% under the elevated ozone (EO) compared to the non-filtered air (NF), whereas the emission increased by 21.5% and 16.7% in the charcoal filtered air (CF) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Cumulative seasonal emission of N₂O ranged from 47.8 mg m⁻² in elevated ozone to 54.6 mg m⁻² in charcoal filtered air in 2007 and from 46.4 to 62.1 mg m⁻² in 2008. Elevated ozone reduced grain yield by 11.3% and 12.4% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Global warming potential (GWP) per unit of rice yield was the least under elevated ozone levels. Dissolved organic C content of soil was lowest under the elevated ozone treatment. Decrease in availability of substrate i.e., dissolved organic C under elevated ozone resulted in a decline in GHG emissions. Filtration of ozone from ambient air increased grain yield and growth parameters of rice and emission of GHGs.     

稀土掺杂钨钼酸盐类荧光粉水热法合成及结构与性能的研究

利用水热法制备了A0.925（MoO4）0.5（WO4）0.5∶Dy03.＋05（A=Ca、Sr、Ba）固溶体微晶。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、荧光分析（FA）等测试手段对微晶结构、形貌和发光性能进行了表征。结果表明A0.925（MoO4）0.5（WO4）0.5∶Dy03＋.05（A=Ca、Sr、Ba）复合钨钼酸盐微晶均呈现典型的四方晶相白钨矿结构。荧光光谱中的480nm处的偶合双峰和575nm处的锐而强的黄发射峰,分别对应于稀土离子Dy3＋的4F9/2→6 H15/2和4F9/2→6 H13/2跃迁。其中具有球状颗粒（尺寸为0.7μm）形貌的Ca0.925（MoO4）0.5（WO4）0.5∶Dy03.＋05微晶的发射峰强度最强,在光学材料中具有潜在应用。     

呼吸型填埋场覆盖层技术研究Ⅰ：热动力自充氧装置构建

填埋场最终覆盖层（以下简称＂覆盖层＂）中的氧气含量是影响甲烷氧化效果的重要因素.本研究基于空气热力学原理提出了一种呼吸型覆盖层技术,构建了利用垃圾堆体与外界环境的温差而实现覆盖层自充氧的热动力自充氧装置,并优化了其空气/氧气充气效率.结果表明,导气管路内空气流速（v）与温差（ΔT）呈线性关系（v=0.0281ΔT-0....     

铁系混凝剂对大红染料废水处理效果研究

采用Fe(NO)3.39H2O和FeSO.47H2O混凝剂处理模拟大红染料废水,通过改变各药剂投加量及废水pH值,考察其对废水COD和色度的去除效果。实验结果表明:两种混凝剂在处理大红染料废水中都表现出了较好的脱色性能,而Fe(NO3)3.9H2O的去除性能较FeSO.47H2O更为优越。Fe(NO)3.39H2O对染料废水的脱色作用十分显著,所有的脱色率都在86%以上。当投加量为0.18 g时,脱色率达最大值93.3%;当投加量为0.24 g时,COD去除率为63.6%。FeSO.47H2O对废水色度的去除效果好于COD的去除。其最佳投加量为1.5 g,此时,脱色率达82.4%;当投加量为0.9 g时,COD去除率为51.8%。Fe(NO)3.39H2O在pH为5.0~9.0之间处理效果都较好,当pH=8时,其脱色率最高,为93.4%;FeSO.47H2O在pH为6.0~8.0之间最佳,当pH=8时,脱色率最高为83.2%。     

降解菌JQL4-5甲氰菊酯水解酶的提取及酶学特性研究

Sphingomonas sp.JQL4-5是一株甲氰菊酯降解菌。提取该菌株的甲氰菊酯水解酶,对其酶学特性进行了初步研究。该酶水解甲氰菊酯的最适pH值为7.0,最适温度为30℃,供试的金属离子均对酶活性有一定的抑制作用,抑制率与金属离子的浓度呈正相关,其中Ag+的抑制作用最强烈,几乎可以导致酶活性完全丧失。该酶在极性有机溶剂中比在非极性的有机溶剂中稳定。