Effect of different fertilizers on methane emission from a paddy field of Zhejiang, China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｐａｓｔ５０—１００ｙｅａｒｓｈａｓｌｅｄｔｏｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＣＯ２，ＣＨ４ａｎｄＮ２Ｏ．Ｔｈｅｓｅｇａｓｅｓ，ａｌｏｎｇｗｉｔｈａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎｔｒａｃｅｇａｓｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ（ｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｇａｓｅｓ）ａｒｅｃａｕｓｉｎｇａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｇｌｏｂａｌｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓａｎｄｏｚｏｎｅｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｏｎ（Ａｓｅｌｍａｎ…     

植物区系学中特有现象的研究进展(Ⅰ)--概念、类型、起源及其研究意义

植物区系学中的特有现象是其研究的重点内容，对特有现象的概念、类型、起源及其研究意义作了详细的论述；其次，总结了中国植物区系的基本情况、生活型、分布区学、水平分布、垂直分布与起源等研究成果；第三，介绍了研究特有现象的形态-地理学方法、细胞地理学方法和等位酶分析方法；第四，指出了中国植物区系中特有现象研究所面临的困境，认为应该集中力量重点研究滇黔桂、横断山脉以及华中等3个地区的植物区系基本特征、组成、起源、演化与扩散等内容．     

大气微生物的研究——Ⅰ.京津地区大气细菌区系

在京津地区1108个点研究大气细菌污染;选择位于京津地区纵轴线上的7个点,研究大气的细菌区系;选择位于北京市生态环境十分不同的12个点,挑取不同培养特征以及优势菌的细菌菌落进行鉴定。共鉴定383株菌,分别属于8个属,2个菌群。部分菌鉴定到种。京津地区大气细菌的优势菌是微球菌、葡萄球菌、芽孢杆菌等。     

不同碳源条件下污水生物脱氮过程中N_2O的释放规律

以3类常用的碳源(乙酸钠、葡萄糖和甲醇)为研究对象,在3个稳定运行的SBR系统内考察了碳源种类对污水生物脱氮过程中N_2O释放的影响。结果显示,各系统内N_2O的释放主要发生在好氧硝化阶段,且在以乙酸钠为碳源的系统内氨氧化速率最快,TN去除率最大,但同时N_2O的释放速率、累积释放量(4.44 mg)和转化率(1.3%)也最大。而以甲醇为碳源的小试系统脱氮效果较差,TN去除率仅为59.5%,但N_2O的释放速率、累积释放量和转化率均最低。在实际污水处理过程中,当以温室气体N_2O释放作为判断标准时,此研究结果可为碳源的选择提供依据。     

Enhancement of conservation knowledge through increased access to botanical information

Herbarium specimens are increasingly recognized as an important resource for conservation science and virtual herbaria are making specimens freely available to a wider range of users than ever before. Few virtual herbaria are designed with conservation use as a primary driver. Exceptionally, Brazil's Reflora Virtual Herbarium (RVH) was created to increase knowledge and conservation of the Brazilian flora. The RVH is closely integrated with the Flora of Brazil 2020 platform on which Brazil's new national Flora is under construction. Both resources are accessible via the Reflora home page and thousands of users move seamlessly between these Reflora resources. To understand how the Reflora resources are currently used and their impact on conservation science, we conducted a literature review and an online survey. We searched for publications of studies in which Reflora resources were used and publications resulting from Brazilian researchers who were part of Reflora's research and mobility program. The survey contained multiple choice questions and questions that required a written response. We targeted Reflora webpage visitors with the survey to capture a wider range of Reflora users than the literature review. Reflora resources were used for a variety of conservation-relevant purposes. Half the 806 scientific publications in which Reflora was cited and 81% of the 1069 survey respondents accessing Reflora resources mentioned conservation-relevant research outputs. Most conservation-relevant uses of the Reflora resources in scientific publications were research rather than implementation focused. The survey of Reflora users showed conservation uses and impacts of virtual herbaria were more numerous and diverse than the uses captured in the literature review. Virtual herbaria are vital resources for conservation science, but they must document use and impacts more comprehensively to ensure sustainability.     

Achieving nitritation at low temperatures using free ammonia inhibition on Nitrobacter and real-time control in an SBR treating landfill leachate

Free ammonia(FA) inhibition on nitrite-oxidized bacteria(NOB) and real-time control are used to achieve nitrogen removal from landfill leachate via nitrite pathway at low temperatures in sequencing batch reactor. The inhibition of FA on NOB activity during the aerobic period was prolonged using real-time control. The degree of nitrite accumulation was monitored along with variations of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and NOB population using fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. It is demonstrated that the end-point of ammonia oxidization is detected from the on-line measured dissolved oxygen,oxidization–reduction potential, and p H signals, which could avoid the loss the FA inhibition on NOB caused by excess aeration. At low temperature(13.0–17.6°C), the level of nitrite pathway rapidly increased from 19.8% to 90%, suggesting that nitritation was successfully started up at low temperature by applying syntrophic association of the FA inhibition and real-time control, and then this high level of nitrite pathway was stably maintained for as long as 233 days. Mechanism analysis shows that the establishment of nitritation was primarily the result of predominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria developed in the nitrifying bacteria population compared to NOB. This was mainly due to a gradual reduction of nitrite amount that is available to provide energy for the growth of NOB,eventually leading to the elimination of NOB from the bacterial clusters in sequencing batch reactor sludge system.     

崇明岛种子植物区系及植被资源

崇明岛共有区系植物55科157属198种，区系组成复杂，地理成分多样，涵盖全部15个分布区类型，具有明显的热带-温带过渡性质，落叶树种占木本植物种类的90．5％，属于北亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林地带。群落外貌及属的相似性系数分析表明，崇明岛植物区系更接近江苏宜兴，而与临近的大金山岛和佘山差别略大。此外，岛上还有栽培植物和外来植物共235种，其中蔷薇科、菊科、禾本科、豆科、木犀科等科的种类较丰富，以加拿大一枝黄花、臭荠、刺果毛莨、一年蓬、空心莲子草、大米草、互花米草等对当地植被资源和生态系统的影响最大。崇明岛植物群落结构单一，缺乏灌木层，草本层多为广布杂草，其植被资源可以根据功能划分为江防海防林、湿地植被、道路绿化带、庭院景观林、游憩林、大田作物及经济林、水源涵养林等7大类，其中江防海防林及湿地植被是崇明岛植被生态系统的关键成分。提供了崇明岛新纪录野生及外来种子植物名录。     

衡阳市鳙鱼、鲤鱼寄生蠕虫区系初步调查

2001年7～8月和2002年7～8月两次对衡阳市鳙鱼、鲤鱼蠕虫寄生的情况进行了调查，结果表明；在衡阳市鳙鱼、鲤鱼寄生的蠕虫共有8种，其中吸虫5种，绦虫1种，线虫2种，分属于3纲7科；衡阳市鳙鱼、鲤鱼蠕虫感染率较高，感染率分别为89％和86％，加强对该类疾病的防治非常重要．     

好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程、形成机理及相关研究

利用SBR和优势混合菌对造纸废水进行处理,在此过程中驯化出好氧颗粒污泥,对好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程、形成机制等进行研究发现,好氧颗粒污泥的形成经历了细菌增殖、絮状体形成、絮状体聚合、凝絮体形成和好氧颗粒污泥形成五个阶段;其形成至少有菌丝缠绕、小块污泥互相联合、吸附和连接四种机制。优势混合菌的加入,是好氧颗粒污泥之所以能够形成的关键因素。     

Predicting Extinction Risk of Brazilian Atlantic Forest Angiosperms

Understanding how plant life history affects species vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbances and environmental change is a major ecological challenge. We examined how vegetation type, growth form, and geographic range size relate to extinction risk throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest domain. We used a database containing species‐level information of 6,929 angiosperms within 112 families and a molecular‐based working phylogeny. We used decision trees, standard regression, and phylogenetic regression to explore the relationships between species attributes and extinction risk. We found a significant phylogenetic signal in extinction risk. Vegetation type, growth form, and geographic range size were related to species extinction risk, but the effect of growth form was not evident after phylogeny was controlled for. Species restricted to either rocky outcrops or scrub vegetation on sandy coastal plains exhibited the highest extinction risk among vegetation types, a finding that supports the hypothesis that species adapted to resource‐limited environments are more vulnerable to extinction. Among growth forms, epiphytes were associated with the highest extinction risk in non‐phylogenetic regression models, followed by trees, whereas shrubs and climbers were associated with lower extinction risk. However, the higher extinction risk of epiphytes was not significant after correcting for phylogenetic relatedness. Our findings provide new indicators of extinction risk and insights into the mechanisms governing plant vulnerability to extinction in a highly diverse flora where human disturbances are both frequent and widespread. Predicción del Riesgo de Extinción de Angiospermas del Bosque Atlántico Brasileño