Air pollution transport in the Balkan region and country-to-country pollution exchange between Romania, Bulgaria and Greece

US EPA Models-3 system is used for calculating the exchange of ozone pollution between three countries in southeast Europe. For the purpose, three domains with resolution 90, 30 and 10 km are chosen in such a way that the most inner domain with dimensions 90 × 147 points covers entirely Romania, Bulgaria and Greece.The ozone pollution levels are studied on the base of three indexes given in the EU Ozone Directive, mainly accumulated over threshold of 40 ppb for crops (AOT40C, period May–July), number of days with 8-h running average over 60 ppb (NOD60) and averaged daily maximum (ADM). These parameters are calculated for every scenario and the influence of each country emissions on the pollution of the region is estimated and commented.Oxidized and reduced sulphur and nitrogen loads over the territories of the three countries are also determined. The application of all scenarios gave the possibility to estimate the contribution of every country to the S and N pollution of the others and detailed blame matrixes to be build.Comparison of the ozone levels model estimates with data from the EMEP monitoring stations is made.     

青壮年、老年流行性出血热对比分析40例

结合临床病历资料,应用现代感染病学、诊断学专业知识对近3年我院收治的青壮年、老年流行性出血热患者进行对比分析,并在此基础上,提出了临床诊治不同年龄流行性出血热患者相关建议．表3,参3．     

Carbon taxation,OPEC and the end of oil

I develop a differential game between an oil cartel and an importer investing in research and development (R&D) to reduce the cost of a green substitute to oil. In equilibrium, the cartel is forced to deter the substitute, which thus imposes a price ceiling falling over time. Credible carbon taxes are below the Pigovian level, implying the importer cannot internalise the full pollution externality, much less capture resource rents. Without carbon pricing, the importer curtails long-run pollution using a costly R&D programme. Normatively, climate policy will be more expensive if relying on green R&D programmes only.     

“一带一路”所经陆路地域巨震链特征研究

针对“一带一路”的陆路部分（即古丝绸之路）所经区域的自然灾害及灾害链的问题进行了研究讨论,尤其是针对大地震及相应的灾害链。穿越陆上丝绸之路的40度纬线地带是一个主要的地震活动带。沿着它易呈现震中定向迁移和在不长的时间内大地震发生的遥相关。陆上丝绸之路的灾害链主要是旱－震链,高山峰指标与大震发生的位置有较高的相关性。这些问题的研究对丝绸之路所经地带的安全都是有意义,也对丝绸之路上国家的安全合作有学术指向的意义。     

HHMHC对Cu2+、Ni2+的萃取性能

以对羟基苯甲酸为原料,通过化学修饰合成得到上沿羧基化的杯[6]芳烃羟肟衍生物,即5,11,17,23,29,35-六羧基-37,38,39,40,41,42-六羟肟酸甲氧基杯[6]芳烃(HHMHC),采用IR对其结构性能进行表征,并探讨了溶液初始pH值、初始重金属离子(Cu2+、Ni2+)浓度、萃取时间、温度等因素对HHMHC萃取重金属离子的影响.结果表明,在温度为30℃时HHMHC萃取Ni2+和Cu2+的最佳pH值分别为5.0、6.0,萃取平衡时间均为30min.用准二级动力学模型(R2>0.99)和Freundlich等温模型(R2>0.999)均可较好的拟合其萃取过程,通过计算萃取过程的热力学参数,得到Gibbs自由能(ΔG0)和焓变(ΔH0)均小于0,表明萃取反应是一个自发的放热反应.通过红外光谱图分析和考察溶液pH值对萃取分配比的影响,探讨HHMHC萃取Cu2+、Ni2+的机理,结果表明此萃取过程除了存在阳离子交换机理外,还存在与冠醚萃取相同的离子配位萃取,参与配位作用的主要是羟肟基团(–CONHOH).     

Radioactivity measurements in moss (Hypnum cupressiforme) and lichen (Cladonia rangiformis) samples collected from Marmara region of Turkey

The present study was conducted to compare the ¹³⁷Cs, ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, and ²³⁸U activity concentrations in epigeic moss (Hypnum cupressiforme) and lichen (Cladonia rangiformis). The activity levels in 37 moss and 38 lichen samples collected from the Marmara region of Turkey were measured using a gamma spectrometer equipped with a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, and ²³⁸U in the moss samples were found to be in the range of 0.36-8.13, 17.1-181.1, 1.51-6.17, and 0.87-6.70 Bq kg⁻¹ respectively, while these values were below detection limit (BDL)-4.32, 16.6-240.0, 1.32-6.47, and BDL-3.57 Bq kg⁻¹ respectively in lichen. The average moss/lichen activity ratios of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, and ²³⁸U were found to be 1.32 ± 0.57, 2.79 ± 1.67, 2.11 ± 0.82, and 2.19 ± 1.02, respectively. Very low ¹³⁷Cs concentrations were observed in moss and lichen samples compared to soil samples collected from the same locations in a previous study. Seasonal variations of the measured radionuclide activities were also examined in the three sampling stations.     

External gamma-ray dose rate and radon concentration in indoor environments covered with Brazilian granites

Health hazard from natural radioactivity in Brazilian granites, covering the walls and floor in a typical dwelling room, was assessed by indirect methods to predict external gamma-ray dose rates and radon concentrations. The gamma-ray dose rate was estimated by a Monte Carlo simulation method and validated by in-situ measurements with a NaI spectrometer. Activity concentrations of ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K in an extensive selection of Brazilian commercial granite samples measured by using gamma-ray spectrometry were found to be 4.5-450 Bq kg⁻¹, 4.9-160 Bq kg⁻¹ and 190-2029 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively. The maximum external gamma-ray dose rate from floor and walls covered with the Brazilian granites in the typical dwelling room (5.0 m × 4.0 m area, 2.8 m height) was found to be 120 nGy h⁻¹, which is comparable with the average worldwide exposure to external terrestrial radiation of 80 nGy h⁻¹ due to natural sources, proposed by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Radon concentrations in the room were also estimated by a simple mass balance equation and exhalation rates calculated from the measured values of ²²⁶Ra concentrations and the material properties. The results showed that the radon concentration in the room ventilated adequately (0.5 h⁻¹) will be lower than 100 Bq m⁻³, value recommended as a reference level by the World Health Organization.     

醇对柴油微乳体系性能的影响

采用AOT为表面活性剂,不同碳链长度正构醇为助表面活性剂,通过稀释法制备了AOT/柴油/正构醇/水微乳体系。考察了醇与表面活性剂的质量比(r)和正构醇的碳链长度对柴油微乳体系的影响,对不同条件下制备的微乳体系的电导率(δ)、界面张力(γ)及运动粘度(μ)进行了表征。结果表明,采用正丁醇时,微乳体系会出现渗滤现象。采用其他醇时,微乳体系的最大增溶水量(W0)随碳链长度增加而减小,随r增大先增大后减小;随增溶水量(W)增加,δ增大直至达到稳定,γ减小,μ增大;随醇碳链长度增大,δ减小,γ、μ增大;随r增大,δ增大,γ、μ减小。采用正戊醇(r=0.4)时,微乳体系的W0最大,γ、μ均较小,柴油微乳液体系的性能较佳。     

假交替单胞菌对EH40/B10电偶腐蚀的影响

目的研究假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonassp.,P.sp.)对EH40/B10电偶腐蚀的影响。方法利用电化学工作站测试EH40/B10电偶电流、电偶电位及开路电位,利用扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜分别观察浸泡21天后EH40、B10表面的腐蚀形貌和生物膜,并且测定体系的溶解氧浓度、pH和P.sp.的数量。结果无菌体系的电偶电流远大于有菌体系,无菌体系的理论驱动电压也大于有菌体系。从腐蚀形貌来看,无菌体系中偶接B10比未偶接腐蚀得轻,而在有菌体系中是否偶接对EH40和B10的腐蚀形貌影响不大。无菌体系的溶解氧浓度远高于有菌体系,且有菌体系的pH比无菌体系低。结论 EH40/B10在无菌体系中的电偶腐蚀速率远大于在有菌体系,主要是因为P.sp.呼吸作用消耗氧气以及在电极表面形成生物膜从而抑制了电偶腐蚀。此外,在无菌体系中偶接B10受到了阴极保护,比未偶接腐蚀得轻,而在有菌体系中,是否偶接对EH40和B10的腐蚀影响不大,电偶腐蚀效应不明显。     

Escaping radioactivity from coal-fired power plants (CPPs) due to coal burning and the associated hazards: a review

Coal, like most materials found in nature, contains trace quantities of the naturally occurring primordial radionuclides, i.e. of ⁴⁰K and of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and their decay products. Therefore, the combustion of coal results in the released into the environment of some natural radioactivity (1.48 TBq y⁻¹), the major part of which (99 %) escapes as very fine particles, while the rest in fly ash. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides measured in coals originated from coal mines in Greece varied from 117 to 435 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³⁸U, from 44 to 255 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁶Ra, from 59 to 205 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²¹⁰Pb, from 9 to 41 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁸Ra (²³²Th) and from 59 to 227 Bq kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K. Fly ash escapes from the stacks of coal-fired power plants in a percentage of 3-1% of the total fly ash, in the better case. The natural radionuclide concentrations measured in fly ash produced and retained or escaped from coal-fired power plants in Greece varied from 263 to 950 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³⁸U, from 142 to 605 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁶Ra, from 133 to 428 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²¹⁰Pb, from 27 to 68 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁸Ra (²³²Th) and from 204 to 382 Bq kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K. About 5% of the total ash produced in the coal-fired power plants is used as substitute of cement in concrete for the construction of dwellings, and may affect indoor radiation doses from external irradiation and the inhalation of radon decay products (internal irradiation) is the most significant. The resulting normalized collective effective doses were 6 and 0.5 man-Sv (GW a)⁻¹ for typical old and modern coal-fired power plants, respectively.