不同海域40Cr低合金钢腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究40Cr在海水环境中的自然腐蚀行为.方法 采用形貌分析、腐蚀质量损失分析、XRD分析等方法对40Cr在青岛、舟山、三亚海水全浸区的腐蚀行为进行研究.结果 40Cr在不同海域中的腐蚀均较为严重,青岛及三亚海域的试样表面被大量海生物附着,舟山海域的试样表面则以泥沙沉积为主.去掉腐蚀产物后试样的腐蚀形貌以坑蚀为主.在试验周期内,随着时间的延长,试样的腐蚀速率逐渐减小,在不同周期内均以三亚海域的为最高.在相同条件下与普通碳钢(Q235)相比,40Cr的腐蚀速率偏高.随着时间的延长,青岛、舟山试样点蚀深度逐渐增加,而三亚试样点蚀深度则先增加后减小,同周期下青岛海域试样的点蚀深度最小.不同海域及周期下40Cr的腐蚀产物以稳态α-FeOOH及Fe2O3为主.结论 40Cr在三个海域的腐蚀形貌均以坑蚀为主,试验周期内试样在三个海域的腐蚀速率随时间延长逐渐减小,同周期下三亚海域试样的腐蚀最为严重;40Cr中C含量较高,在相同条件下其腐蚀速率要高于普通碳钢;40Cr的腐蚀产物以稳态成分为主,是由于Cr元素含量较普通碳钢增加,加速了钢的腐蚀产物到热力学稳定状态的转化.     

A cointegration and causality analysis of copper consumption and economic growth in rich countries

The paper examines the copper consumption-economic growth nexus for 16 rich economies from the period 1966 to 2010. Various generations of panel unit root and cointegration tests are applied. Both series are found to be integrated of order one. Evidence of cointegration is found especially when controlling for breaks and long-run cross-sectional dependence. Causality is investigated using a vector error-correction mechanism (VECM) framework. At individual level, unidirectional causality running from economic growth to copper consumption is unraveled for Finland, France and UK in the long-run. Unidirectional causality is also found running from copper consumption to economic growth for Spain. Long-run bi-directionality between economic growth and copper consumption is found for Belgium, Greece, Italy, Japan and South Korea. The neutrality hypothesis holds for Australia, Austria, Canada, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and USA in the long-run. Taken as a whole, panel causality test reveals a long-run unidirectional causality running from economic growth to copper consumption.     

Modelling critical levels of ozone for the forested area of austria modifications of the aot40 concept

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Ozone is the most important air pollutant in Europe for forest ecosystems and the increase in the last decades is significant. The ozone impact on forests can be calculated and mapped based on the provisional European Critical Level (AOT40 = accumulated exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb, 10,000 ppb x h for 6 months of one growing season calculated for 24 h day(-1)). For Norway spruce, the Austrian main tree species, the ozone risk was assessed in a basis approach and because the calculations do not reflect the health status of forests in Austria, the AOT40 concept was developed. METHODS: Three approaches were outlined and maps were generated for Norway spruce forests covering the entire area of Austria. The 1st approach modifies the AOT40 due to the assumption that forests have adapted to the pre-industrial levels of ozone, which increase with altitude (AOTalt). The 2nd approach modifies the AOT40 according to the ozone concentration in the sub-stomata cavity. This approach is based on such factors as light intensity and water vapour saturation deficit, which affect stomatal uptake (AOTsto). The 3rd approach combines both approaches and includes the hemeroby. The pre-industrial ozone level approach was applied for autochthonous ('natural') forest areas, the ozone-uptake approach for non-autochthonous ('altered') forest areas. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The provisional Critical Level (AOT40) was established to allow a uniform assessment of the ozone risk for forested areas in Europe. In Austria, where ozone risk is assessed with utmost accuracy due to the dense grid of monitoring plots of the Forest Inventory and because the continuously collected data from more than 100 air quality measuring stations, an exceedance up to the five fold of the Critical Level was found. The result could lead to a yield loss of up to 30-40% and to a severe deterioration in the forest health status. However, the data of the Austrian Forest Inventory and the Austrian Forest Damage Monitoring System do not reflect such an ozone impact. Therefore, various approaches were outlined including the tolerance and avoidance mechanisms of Norway spruce against ozone impact. Taking into consideration the adaptation of forests to the pre-industrial background level of ozone, the AOT40 exceedances are markedly reduced (1st approach). Taking into account the stomatal uptake of ozone, unrealistic high amounts of exceedances up to 10,000 ppb x h were found. The modelled risk does not correspond with the health status and the wood increment of the Austrian forests (2nd approach). Consolidating the forgoing two approaches, a final map including the hemeroby was generated. It became clear that the less natural ('altered') forested regions are highly polluted. This means, that more than half of the spruce forests are endangered by ozone impact and AOT40 values of up to 30,000 ppb x h occur (3rd approach). CONCLUSIONS: The approaches revealed that a plausible result concerning the ozone impact on spruce forests in Austria could only be reached by combining pre-industrial ozone levels, ozone flux into the spruce needles and the hemeroby of forests.     

Long-term climate variability at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant,southeastern New Mexico,USA

The United States Department of Energy is developing the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico for the disposal of transuranic wastes generated by defense programs. Because changes in climate during the next 10,000 years (10 ka) may affect performance of the repository, an understanding of long-term climate variability is essential for evaluating regulatory compliance. Fluctuations in global climate corresponding to glaciation and deglaciation of the northern hemisphere have been regular in both frequency and amplitude for at least 780 ka. Coolest and wettest conditions in the past have occurred at the WIPP during glacial maxima, when the North American ice sheet reached its southern limit roughly 1200 km north of the WIPP and deflected the jet stream southward. Average precipitation in southeastern New Mexico during the last glacial maximum 22-18 ka before present (BP) was approximately twice that of the present. Driest conditions (precipitation approximately 90% of present) occurred 6.5-4.5 ka BP, after the ice sheet had retreated to its present location. Wet periods of unknown duration have occurred since the retreat of the ice sheet, but none have exceeded glacial conditions. Global climate models suggest that anthropogenic climate changes (i.e., warming caused by an increased greenhouse effect) will not result in an increase in precipitation at the WIPP. The climate of the last glacial maximum is therefore suitable for use as a cooler and wetter limit for variability during the next 10 ka.     

Durable goods and long-run electricity demand: Evidence from air conditioner purchase behavior

I estimate a dynamic structural model of demand for air conditioners, the most energy-intensive home appliance in the US. The model explores the links between demand for durable goods and expected changes in key attributes: energy efficiency and price. I incorporate expectations explicitly as a feature of the choice setting, and use parameter estimates from the model to calculate durable good demand elasticities with respect to energy efficiency, electricity price, and price of the durable itself. These estimates fill a large gap in the literature, and also shed light on consumer behavior in this setting. Results indicate that consumers are forward-looking and value the stream of future savings derived from energy efficiency.     

深圳生态环境保护40年历程及实践经验

深圳经济特区建立的40年也是生态环境保护工作不断改革和飞跃的40年。根据特区建立以来环境管理政策与生态环境保护状况变化等,本研究将深圳生态环境保护发展历程大致划分为四个阶段：①奠基起步、建章立制（1980—1992年）;②局部创新、全面推进（1993—2000年）;③综合调控、转型跨越（2001—2011年）;④系统改革、优化发展（2012年至今）。研究发现,深圳总体上探索出了一个质量引领、创新驱动、转型升级、绿色低碳的发展路径,生态文明体制机制改革不断深化,形成了覆盖生态环境保护各个领域、门类齐全、功能完备、措施有力的生态环境政策体系,为中国乃至全球生态环境保护提供了一系列可复制、可推广的有益经验和深圳样本。     

H_3PW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2可见光下光催化降解孔雀石绿的研究

以钛酸四丁酯为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2光催化剂,然后浸渍法制备出H3PW12O40/TiO2复合型光催化剂,并运用XRD、SEM、FT-IR和DRS对催化剂进行表征和分析.研究了可见光光照下H3PW12O40/TiO2对孔雀石绿降解的光催化活性,考察了浸渍量、催化剂用量、底物浓度、pH值对光催化降解率的影响.实验表明,在pH=5条件下,H3PW12O40/TiO2催化剂用量为0.3g.L-1,浓度为10mg·mL-1的孔雀石绿溶液在2L·min-1曝气、300W可见光下光照4h后光催化降解率为78%,比TiO2光催化活性提高了24%.