滨州市海洋环境灾害与减灾对策

以文献资料法研究了滨州市海域环境灾害历史 ,分析了灾害成因 ,提出了防灾救灾对策。研究结果 :该海域 136 8～ 1999年 ,共发生风暴潮 35次 ;有历史记载的发生海啸一次 ;受全球海平面上升和该市构造沉降双重影响 ,2 0 5 0年海平面将相对上升 2 0～ 30cm ;自 1976年至今 ,海岸线每年蚀退 13km2 ;近 5 0a来 ,较严重的海冰大致 5a出现一次 ;1989～ 1999年发生赤潮 4次。引发该市海洋环境灾害的原因有地理、地质、气象等自然因素 ,但赤潮的发生是海洋环境污染所致。海洋环境灾害对该市经济社会展构成了严重威胁 ,应从可持续发展战略高度制定海洋防灾减灾对策和措施。     

四川省“低荒”资源成因分析与开发对策

本文从分析评价四川省“低荒”资源入手，探讨了“低荒”资源的现状和分布特点，分析了其成因并提出了开发“低荒”资源的对策．     

AOX Formation and Elimination in the Oxidative Treatment of Synthetic Wastewaters in a UV-Free Surface Reactor (6 pp)

Intention, Goal, Scope, Background The effect of chloride concentration and pH on the UV oxidation systems was examined. Phenol and methanol were used as organic substances. The treatment of these chemicals by UV oxidation using a newly developed lab scale pretest UV-Free Surface Reactor (UV-FSR) with and without Cl– addition at different pH values, is evaluated. Results of this study indicated that the Cl– concentration of the water and the chemical structure of the substances is more important than the pH of the water. There was no AOX at the beginning of the experiments, but a de-novo synthesis of AOX was observed during the batch experiments. This is caused by the high chloride content of the wastewaters. It can be supposed that OHradicals oxidize some chloride-ions to form chlorine, which further reacts with organic compounds. During the treatment, these AOX compounds which are produced from the beginning of the reaction are destroyed again. Evaluations of these experiments were done according to TOC and AOX results. Approximately 80% and 99% TOC removal efficiencies were obtained for the treatment of Phenol and Methanol-containing wastewaters, respectively. Objective In the literature, there are no relevant publications concerning the AOX formation of wastewater by wet oxidation- iron catalysed or by application of UV. For that reason, the main objectives of this study were: 1. to see the influence of chloride concentration and pH on the AOXde-novo formation with newly developed UV-Free Surface Reactor (UV-FSR), 2. to make a comparison of different AOPs, 3. to observe the effect of the chloride concentration on the TOC degradation efficiency, 4. to optimise reaction conditions. Methods In synthetic wastewaters, Methanol (CH3OH) and Phenol (C6H5 OH) are used as pollutants. The concentration of each substance was 1000 mg/l and COD values were calculated theoretically. The H2O2 addition was calculated according to the COD with a convenient stoichiometric factor (e.g. 1). During experiments, the pH was always kept constant with the addition of either 25% H2SO4 or 33% NaOH depending on the experimental conditions. Each substance was treated with the addition of 1000 mg/l Cl–, 10000 mg/l Cl– and without Cl– addition at pH 3, pH 7 and pH 10, respectively. NaCl was used as a Cl– source. Adsorbable Organic Halogenides (AOX) were determined using a TOX analyser (European Standard EN 1485 H 14, 1996). TOC measurements were carried out using an Elementar High TOC Analyzer equipped with an auto sampler. The H2O2 concentration was measured according to German Standard Methods (DIN 38409, Part 15, 1987). Results and Discussion The first step was to determine the effect of pH on the AOX formation in the process. Therefore, experiments were carried out at three different pHs: acidic (pH 3), neutral (pH 7) and basic (pH 10) conditions at a constant initial Methanol concentration of 1000 mg/l and a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 3185 mg/l (1 x stoichiometric). All results were evaluated according to applied pH. At these conditions, the amount of H2O2 (53 ml / 10 l) concentration was nearly zero after 1 hour batch treatment of Methanol. There was no AOX at the beginning of the experiments, but the AOX value increased after 6–18 min. At the end of 1 hour batch treatment this produced AOX was treated again. The maximum AOX production was obtained with the addition of 10000 mg/l Cl–, whereas there is no AOX production during the experiment when Cl– was not used. In all studies, however, TOC values decreased to almost zero after 1 hour batch treatment. After the experiments with Methanol, Phenol treatment was carried out at different pHs as a second experiment. pH was kept constant with the addition of either H2SO4 or NaOH depending on the experimental conditions. During experiments with Phenol, the colour of the water changed from colourless to a yellowish- red. After 1 hour treatment, the colour of the water was red. Therefore, these experiments were continued until the water became colourless again, and this took about 5 hours. Although there was no AOX at the beginning of the experiments, it increased after 30 min to 1 hour oxidation with the addition of 1000 mg/l Cl– and 10000 mg/l Cl–. There was no AOX production during the experiments when Cl– was not added. At the end of 5 hours of treatment, formed AOX was degraded and the TOC concentration decreased from 766 mg/l to approximately 200 mg/l. Conclusion. These experiments of this study showed that the effects of Cl– concentration of the water and the chemical structure of the substances is more than that of the pH on the AOX formation. During the batch experiments, a de-novo synthesis of AOX was observed very impressively due to the high chloride content of the wastewaters. It can be implied that OH-radicals oxidize some chloride-ions to form chlorine, which further reacts with organic compounds so that AOXde-novo is formed. At the end of the reaction times these AOX compounds are also destroyed. Recommendation and Outlook It is more cost effective to use these processes for only purposes such as toxicity reduction, enhancement of biodegradability, decolourisation and removal of micropollutants. However, the most important point is the optimization of the reaction conditions for the process of concern. The AOP applied can be used, for instance, for AOX reduction and TOC removal of industrial wastewaters.     

Comparative investigation of coal- and oil-fired boilers based on emission factors, ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potentials of VOCs

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are the important precursors of the tropospheric ozone(O_3) and secondary organic aerosols(SOA),both of which are known to harm human health and disrupt the earth's climate system.In this study,VOC emission factors,O_3 and SOA formation potentials were estimated for two types of industrial boilers:coal-fired boilers(n=3) and oil-fired boilers(n=3).Results showed that EVOCs concentrations were more than nine times higher for oil-fire d boilers compared to those for coal-fired boilers.Emission factors of ΣVOCs were found to be higher for oil-fired boilers(9.26-32.83 mg-VOC/kg) than for coal-fired boilers(1.57-4.13 mg-VOC/kg).Alkanes and aromatics were obtained as the most abundant groups in coal-fired boilers,while oxygenated organics and aromatics were the most contributing groups in oil-fired boilers.Benzene,n-hexane and o-ethyl toluene were the abundant VOC species in coal-fired boiler emissions,whereas toluene was the most abundant VOC species emitted from oil-fired boilers.O_3 and SOA formation potentials were found 12 and 18 times,respectively,higher for oil-fired than for coal-fired boilers.Total OFP ranged from 3.99 to 11.39 mg-O_3/kg for coal-fired boilers.For oil-fired boilers,total OFP ranged from 36.16 to 131.93 mg-O_3/kg.Moreover,total secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP) ranged from 65.4 to 122.5 mg-SOA/kg and 779.9 to 2252.5 mg-SOA/kg for the coal-fired and oil-fired boilers,respectively.     

珠海市秋季大气挥发性有机物变化趋势和大气化学反应活性

为探究珠海市大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）的来源和影响,制定有效的臭氧控制政策,本研究利用在线气相色谱-质谱仪/火焰离子检测器（Online-GC-MS/FID）于2016年9-10月对珠海市大气中96种VOCs进行了测量,并分析了珠海市大气VOCs的组成特征、日变化趋势、来源及其对臭氧生成的贡献.研究结果表明：珠海市大气VOCs中烷烃的体积混合比最高,其次为芳香烃;烷烃、芳香烃日变化趋势明显,具有双峰特征;珠海市大气中丙烷、异戊二烯和芳香烃分别来自于液化石油气（LPG）、天然源和工业排放.通过反向轨迹分析发现,来自珠三角内陆地区的气团传输对珠海VOCs污染具有重要贡献,其对臭氧生成潜势（OFP）的影响主要来自芳香烃.VOCs活性分析表明,芳香烃和烷烃是珠海市OFP的最主要贡献者,其中甲苯、间/对二甲苯和乙烯是对OFP贡献最大的物种,因此控制人为源VOCs排放是未来珠海市臭氧污染控制的重点.     

广州市夏季VOCs对臭氧及SOA生成潜势的研究

2016年7月在广州城区开展了27d的大气VOCs在线监测,共得到73种VOCs,总浓度均值为40.07×10^-9.其中烷烃占比55.17%,芳香烃占比15.42%,烯烃占比12.14%,氯代烃占比8.79%,乙炔占比3.97%,OVOC占比3.72%,乙腈占比0.79%.采用臭氧生成潜势（OFP）和OH自由基消耗速率估算了广州城区夏季VOC大气化学反应活性,结果表明芳香烃和烯烃是最主要的活性物种;VOCs的关键活性组分是甲苯、反-2-戊烯、间/对二甲苯、1,3-丁二烯、异戊二烯等.采用气溶胶生成系数法（FAC）估算了VOCs对二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的贡献,结果显示芳香烃、烷烃、烯烃分别占总SOA生成潜势量的95.54%、2.5%、1.95%,甲苯、间/对二甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲基苯是对SOA生成贡献最大的前5个物种.     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌地质成因分析及景观保护

江郎山以“壁立万仞”的三神峰而闻名于世。其中 ,郎峰被誉为“神州丹霞第一峰”。一线天被认为是中国丹霞一线天之最。本文从区域地质背景、地层、岩性、构造及风化作用等方面对江郎山丹霞地貌的成因作了分析并对江郎山景观的保护从成因方面作一阐述。对江郎山旅游资源的可持续性开发和利用有一定的指导作用     

对柴西洼地地下水中NO_2~-、NH_4~+成因的探讨

本文探讨了乌鲁木齐市东南郊柴窝堡盆地西部洼地地下水中NO_2~-、NH_4~+的成因,偏高机理.作者提出水资源利用的意见.     

好氧颗粒污泥的性质及其在脱氮除磷中的应用

阐述了好氧颗粒污泥的污泥特性、培养条件和影响因素 ,比较了三种SBR反应器中颗粒污泥特性的差异 ,介绍了好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理及其在脱氮除磷过程中的应用情况     

Effects of copper chloride on formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in model waste incineration

Combustion experiments in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor were conducted to elucidate the effects of copper chloride as a catalyst on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) formation in municipal waste incineration. We used model wastes with and without copper chloride (CuCl₂ · 2H₂O), both of which contained polyvinyl chloride as a chlorine source. Combustion temperature was set to 900 °C, and the amount of air supplied was twice the stoichiometric ratio. The experimental setup was carefully planned to suppress the influences of experimental conditions except the waste composition. Results of these experiments showed that copper chloride in the waste increased the amount of PCDDs formed and made the homologue profile to shift towards the highly chlorinated species. Copper chloride contributes to the PCDDs formation by promoting chlorination, whereby the reaction is important in that organic matter is chlorinated directly by copper compounds. Copper chloride did not exert a great influence on the isomer distribution patterns of PCDDs, while there appeared a significant difference in the case of PCDFs. This points out the difference of the major formation mechanisms between PCDDs and PCDFs. PCDDs are less formed by the catalytic reactions from carbon/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons than PCDFs in our experimental conditions.