威远县地质灾害发育规律及成因分析

威远县地质灾害活动频繁,崩塌和滑坡等地质灾害分布广泛。通过对威远县地质灾害分布特征的研究发现,研究区地质灾害点多,但其分布具有一定的区域性,主要分布在低山区。针对这一特性,以威远构造特征为背景,结合区域地质灾害调查资料,分析地质灾害发育的影响,得出背斜构造不仅为地质灾害的发生提供构造条件,而且控制着研究区内的地貌格局,地层岩性是决定地质灾害发育的物质基础。通过本次研究将进一步了解该区地质灾害发育规律及形成原因,对该区地质灾害防治工作提供理论指导。     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌地质成因分析及景观保护

江郎山以“壁立万仞”的三神峰而闻名于世。其中 ,郎峰被誉为“神州丹霞第一峰”。一线天被认为是中国丹霞一线天之最。本文从区域地质背景、地层、岩性、构造及风化作用等方面对江郎山丹霞地貌的成因作了分析并对江郎山景观的保护从成因方面作一阐述。对江郎山旅游资源的可持续性开发和利用有一定的指导作用     

浅谈防止海上油田地质性溢油的几个因素

油田在注水开发过程中由于注水工艺不完善、注水水质不达标、注采比不合理、井控措施无效等因素会导致地质性溢油事故的发生。文章主要针对注水性油田在开发过程中可能会导致地质性溢油的几个关键因素进行探讨,为注水性油田开发风险防范和环境保护提供参考。     

Trihalomethane formation potential of organic fractions in secondary effluent

Organic matter is known to be the precursor of numerous chlorination by-products. Organic matter in the secondary e uent from the Wenchang Wastewater Treatment Plant (Harbin, China) was physically separated into the following fractions: particulate organic carbon (1.2–0.45 m), colloidal organic carbon (0.45–0.1 m), fine colloidal organic carbon (0.1–0.025 m), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (< 0.025 m). Moreover, < 0.45 m fraction was chemically separated into hydrophobic acid (HPO-A), hydrophobic neutral (HPO-N), transphilic acid (TPI-A), transphilic neutral (TPI-N), and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). The chlorine reactivity of these organic fractions obtained from both size and XAD fractionations were evaluated. The structural and chemical compositions of the HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N isolates were characterized using elemental analysis (C, H, O, and N), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Results showed that DOC was dominant in terms of total concentration and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), and there was no statistical di erence in both specific THMFP (STHMFP) and specific ultraviolet light absorbance among the 0.45, 0.1, and 0.025 m filtrates. HPO-A had the highest STHMFP compared to other chemical fractions. HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N contained 3.02%–3.52% of nitrogen. The molar ratio of H/C increased in the order of HPO-A < HPO-N < TPI-A < TPI-N. The O/C ratio was relatively high for TPI-N as compared to those for the other fractions. 1H-NMR analysis of the four fractions indicated that the relative content of aromatic protons in HPO-A was significantly higher than those in the others. The ratio of aliphatic to aromatic protons increased in the order of HPO-A < HPO-N < TPI-A < TPI-N. FT-IR analysis of the four fractions showed that HPO-A had greater aromatic C==C content whereas HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N had greater aliphatic C–H content. TPI-N contained more oxygen-containing functional groups than the other fractions.     

高放废物处置库北山预选区及其邻区深部地下水氢、氧同位素特征

为了解高放废物处置库北山预选区深部地下水是否会通过断裂流入河西走廊地区,危害当地的生态环境和人民安全,本文以北山预选区及其邻区为研究对象,利用同位素地球化学方法,建立了研究区当地大气降水线方程和同位素高程效应方程,通过对比两个系统地下水δD、δ~(18)O值和氘盈余特征的差异,确定北山地区与走廊地区的深部地下水具有不同的起源,即北山预选区深部地下水起源于地质历史时期受到过强烈蒸发的大气降水,祁连山北麓-河西走廊地区地下水呈现出典型的现代大气降水补给特征,没有表现出明显的蒸发特征,氢、氧稳定同位素特征表明北山预选区深部地下水并未进入走廊地区,为高放废物处置库的选址工作提供一定的理论依据。     

填埋场作业面NMOCs臭氧生成潜势及高贡献物质

非甲烷有机物(NMOCs)是大气光化学反应生成臭氧过程的主要前体物,填埋场作业面是其重要无组织释放源.为控制对流层臭氧污染,必须控制NMOCs浓度,而识别高臭氧生成贡献物质是前提.本研究采集填埋场作业面气体样品,分析其组分特征,并以等效丙烯浓度法和最大增量反应活性法计算其臭氧生成潜势.结果表明,填埋场作业面共检出符合检出频率与浓度条件的36种5大类物质,NMOCs年均总浓度约为10 000μg·m~(-3),夏季总浓度最高,各类物质浓度呈含氧化合物含硫化合物卤代烃苯系物碳氢化合物的规律;综合两种计算方法结果,全年范围内高臭氧生成贡献物质为乙醇、间二甲苯、丙烯、乙酸乙酯和正戊烷;春季与全年类似,夏秋两季高贡献物质为乙醇、1-丁烯、甲苯、环己烷和苯乙烯,冬季乙醇贡献极高.通过比较,等效丙烯浓度法更适合估算作业面臭氧生成潜势.     

黄冈市大气挥发性有机物污染特征、来源及对臭氧生成的影响

基于黄冈市城区大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）离线采样数据和常规空气污染物、气象在线监测数据,分析了黄冈市大气VOC组分和体积分数特征,并利用正交矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型和耦合MCM机制的光化学反应箱式模型（PBM-MCM）分别分析了臭氧（O₃）污染高发期VOCs的来源及臭氧生成敏感性.结果表明,φ（TVOCs）平均值为（21.57±3.13）×10^-9,且呈现出冬春高、夏秋低的季节性特征,其中烷烃（49.9%）和烯烃（16.4%）的占比最大.PMF解析结果显示黄冈市大气VOCs主要来源为：燃料燃烧源（27.8%）、机动车排放源（19.9%）、溶剂使用源（15.7%）、工业卤代烃排放源（12.1%）、化工企业排放源（10.5%）、自然源（7.8%）和柴油车排放源（6.2%）.在人为源中,溶剂使用、燃料燃烧和化工企业排放的VOCs对大气环境中O₃生成的贡献较大,贡献了O₃生成的60.9%,故对O₃污染防控应优先管控这3种人为源.通过相对增量反应性（RIR）和经验动力学方法（EKMA）曲线分析,观测期间黄冈市O₃生成处于VOCs控制区,且间/对-二甲苯、乙烯、1-丁烯和甲苯等VOCs对O₃生成比较敏感,应重点削减以上VOCs的排放.     

应用亲电型悬浮生物载体处理工业废水的现场中试

研究采用本课题组研发的亲电改性聚乙烯为悬浮生物膜载体,构建移动生物膜与活性污泥复合工艺(integrated free-floating biofilm and activated sludge,IFFAS),对东北某工业园区污水处理厂的污水处理进行现场中试。结果表明,当进水ρ(COD)、ρ(NH3-N)、ρ(TN)分别为139~741,19.3~44.9,29.6~148.6 mg/L时,改性载体在10 d左右即可完成挂膜;中试IFFAS工艺稳定运行阶段,出水COD、NH3-N、TN的平均去除率分别高达88%、97%、80%,出水浓度分别为36~48,0.1~0.9,5~14.3 mg/L,达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准。出水水质明显优于污水处理厂原有A2/O工艺出水,说明以亲电改性聚乙烯为载体的IFFAS工艺可显著提高净化污水的能力。     

Characterization of particle number size distribution and new particle formation in Southern China

Knowledge of particle number size distribution(PND) and new particle formation(NPF)events in Southern China is essential for mitigation strategies related to submicron particles and their effects on regional air quality,haze,and human health.In this study,seven field measurement campaigns were conducted from December 2013 to May 2015 using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) at four sites in Southern China,including three urban sites and one background site.Particles were measured in the size range of15-515 nm,and the median particle number concentrations(PNCs) were found to vary in the range of 0.3× 10~4-2.2 × 10~4 cn~(-3) at the urban sites and were approximately 0.2 × 10~4 cm~(-3) at the background site.The peak diameters at the different sites varied largely from 22 to 102 nm.The PNCs in the Aitken mode(25-100 nm) at the urban sites were up to 10 times higher than they were at the background site,indicating large primary emissions from traffic at the urban sites.The diurnal variations of PNCs were significantly influenced by both rush hour traffic at the urban sites and NPF events.The frequencies of NPF events at the different sites were0%-30%,with the highest frequency occurring at an urban site during autumn.With higher SO_2 concentrations and higher ambient temperatures being necessary,NPF at the urban site was found to be more influenced by atmospheric oxidizing capability,while NPF at the background site was limited by the condensation sink.This study provides a unique dataset of particle number and size information in various environments in Southern China,which can help understand the sources,formation,and the climate forcing of aerosols in this quickly developing region,as well as help constrain and validate NPF modeling.     

Diurnal variation of number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing in winter

Number concentration and distribution of airborne particles in the size range 5.6 to 560 um diameter were measured in Beijing for a 15-d period in winter 2005.Daily average number concentrations of nucleation mode(5.6-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm), and accumulation mode(100-560 nm)particles,and total particles were 17500,32000,4000,and 53500 cm~(-3),respectively.Average particle size distribution was monomodal with a mode diameter of about 40 um at night and bimodal with mode diameters of about 10 and about 40 nm during the daytime.New particle formation events,which were connected to diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles,were observed in more than half of the observation days.The events often started around 10:00-11:00 Chinese Standard Time (CST)and ended up after 3-4 h.Concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles increased from midnight and reached their maxima at about 10:00 CST,and then decreased and became the lowest in the afternoon.Analysis of diurnal cycles in traffic volume and meteorological parameters revealed that the accumulation of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes in the morning was influenced by formation of an inversion and increase in vehicle emission,and dispersion of such particles in the afternoon was associated with more effective vertical mixing and higher wind speed.