通过农产品质量认证的合作社影响农业化肥用量的理论机制与实证分析

化肥减量施用是实现中国农产品质量安全与农业绿色高质量发展的重要举措之一,而小规模分散化的经营格局不利于化肥减量技术的推广使用。农民合作社是弥补小规模经营不足与实施农产品质量认证的重要制度安排,其能否以及如何促进农业化肥减量是当前亟待回答的重大现实问题。本文阐明了通过农产品质量认证的合作社对农业化肥用量的影响及作用机制,并基于2007—2018年中国30个省级（市、自治区）面板数据展开实证分析。研究结果表明：通过农产品质量认证的合作社存在显著的化肥减施效应,其主要通过质量溢价、组织规范、组织支持传导路径实现农业化肥减量。从区域差异看,在化肥用量处于高分位点的省份,通过农产品质量认证的合作社表现出更为显著的化肥减施效应;从农作物差异看,通过农产品质量认证的合作社对农业化肥减量施用的贡献主要来自水稻、小麦、玉米三大粮食作物,以及棉花、甘蔗、苹果、柑子四类经济作物的化肥减施效应。     

Influence of plants on the reduction of hexavalent chromium in wetland sediments

This work addresses the effect that plants (Typha latifolia and Carex lurida) have on the reduction of Cr(VI) in wetland sediments. Experiments were carried out using tubular microcosms, where chemical species were monitored along the longitudinal flow axis. Cr(VI) removal was enhanced by the presence of plants. This is explained by a decrease in the redox potential promoted by organic root exudates released by plants. Under these conditions sulfate reduction is enhanced, increasing the concentration of sulfide species in the sediment pore water, which reduce Cr(VI). Evapotranspiration induced by plants also contributed to enhance the reduction of Cr(VI) by concentrating all chemical species in the sediment pore water. Both exudates release and evapotranspiration have a diurnal component that affects Cr(VI) reduction. Concentration profiles were fitted to a kinetic model linking sulfide and Cr(VI) concentrations corrected for evapotranspiration. This expression captures both the longitudinal as well as the diurnal Cr(VI) concentration profiles.     

One-dimensional model for biogeochemical interactions and permeability reduction in soils during leachate permeation

This paper uses the findings from a column study to develop a reactive model for exploring the interactions occurring in leachate-contaminated soils. The changes occurring in the concentrations of acetic acid, sulphate, suspended and attached biomass, Fe(II), Mn(II), calcium, carbonate ions, and pH in the column are assessed. The mathematical model considers geochemical equilibrium, kinetic biodegradation, precipitation-dissolution reactions, bacterial and substrate transport, and permeability reduction arising from bacterial growth and gas production. A two-step sequential operator splitting method is used to solve the coupled transport and biogeochemical reaction equations. The model gives satisfactory fits to experimental data and the simulations show that the transport of metals in soil is controlled by multiple competing biotic and abiotic reactions. These findings suggest that bioaccumulation and gas formation, compared to chemical precipitation, have a larger influence on hydraulic conductivity reduction.     

Microbial community dynamics in uranium contaminated subsurface sediments under biostimulated conditions with high nitrate and nickel pressure

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The subsurface at the Oak Ridge Field Research Center represents an extreme and diverse geochemical environment that places different stresses on the endogenous microbial communities, including low pH, elevated nitrate concentrations, and the occurrence of heavy metals and radionuclides, including hexavalent uranium [U(VI)]. The in situ immobilization of U(VI) in the aquifer can be achieved through microbial reduction to relatively insoluble U(IV). However, a high redox potential due to the presence of nitrate and the toxicity of heavy metals will impede this process. Our aim is to test biostimulation of the endogenous microbial communities to improve nitrate reduction and subsequent U(VI) reduction under conditions of elevated heavy metals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Column experiments were used to test the possibility of using biostimulation via the addition of ethanol as a carbon source to improve nitrate reduction in the presence of elevated aqueous nickel. We subsequently analyzed the composition of the microbial communities that became established and their potential for U(VI) reduction and its in situ immobilization. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the microbial population changed from heavy metal sensitive members of the actinobacteria, alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria to a community dominated by heavy metal resistant (nickel, cadmium, zinc, and cobalt resistant), nitrate reducing beta- and gamma-proteobacteria, and sulfate reducing Clostridiaceae. Coincidentally, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses indicated that the resulting redox conditions favored U(VI) reduction transformation to insoluble U(IV) species associated with soil minerals and biomass. DISCUSSION: This study shows that the necessary genetic information to adapt to the implemented nickel stress resides in the endogenous microbial population present at the Oak Ridge FRC site, which changed from a community generally found under oligotrophic conditions to a community able to withstand the stress imposed by heavy metals, while efficiently reducing nitrate as electron donor. Once nitrate was reduced efficient reduction and in situ immobilization of uranium was observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that stimulating the metabolism of the endogenous bacterial population at the Oak Ridge FRC site by adding ethanol, a suitable carbon source, results in efficient nitrate reduction under conditions of elevated nickel, and a decrease of the redox potential such that sulfate and iron reducing bacteria are able to thrive and create conditions favorable for the reduction and in situ immobilization of uranium. Since we have found that the remediation potential resides within the endogenous microbial community, we believe it will be feasible to conduct field tests. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Biostimulation of endogenous bacteria provides an efficient tool for the successful in situ remediation of mixed-waste sites, particularly those co-contaminated with heavy metals, nitrate and radionuclides, as found in the United States and other countries as environmental legacies of the nuclear age.     

外源硫酸盐对武汉南湖表层沉积物磷形态的作用

采用室内模拟实验,选取武汉市南湖表层沉积物及相应上覆水,研究了硫酸盐的输入对沉积物磷形态的影响.结果表明,硫酸盐输入水体后提高了沉积物磷的迁移活性,导致上覆水中总磷(TP)、溶解性正磷酸盐(SRP)含量升高,上升幅度随硫酸盐输入量的增加而增加.硫酸盐扩散到沉积物后,先是生成酸可挥发性硫(AVS),进而转变成铬还原硫.硫酸盐输入提高了沉积物pH值,而使Eh降低.沉积物不同磷形态对外源硫酸盐的响应有所差异,二钙磷(Ca2-P)含量随输入硫酸盐浓度的增加而增加,含量最高的铁磷(Fe-P)为800mg/kg左右,占总磷的51.4%~56.6%,受硫酸盐的影响极显著(P<0.01),在沉积物中含量降低而向上覆水中释放.上覆水中溶解性铁和TP、SRP均呈显著正相关.硫酸盐对沉积物中闭蓄态铁磷(O-Fe-P)也产生显著影响(P < 0.05),总体而言是促进其释放.     

Laboratory-scale study of the suppression of PCDD/F emission during coal and MSW co-incineration

The experimental test of co-incinerating Chinese raw municipal solid waste （MSW） and coal in a laboratory-scale tubular reactor was first reported in present study, and the emission of normal gas components and the effects of the S/Cl molar ratio or coal mixing percentages on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans （PCDDs/Fs） emission were investigated and discussed. The results indicated that OCDD was the only PCDD homologues since others like TCDD-HpCDD was hardly detected, while as the categories of PCDF homologues were comparatively much more general. The amount of PCDD was much larger than that of PCDF in all operating conditions. Since ZPCDF/∑PCDD〈〈1, the dominant role of the precursor formation was proven in our experimental conductions. With increasing the coal addition to MSW （from 0 to 16%）, PCDD and PCDF were reduced considerably. Coal and MSW may suppress the PCDD/F emissions efficiently （over 95%） during the MSW incineration process. The PCDD/F suppression results of the present study could be helpful guidance to the industrial application of Chinese MSW and auxiliary coal co-incineration processes. The PCDD/F stack emission data of two industrial incinerators using co-incineration technology in China seem to have a great positive reduction of PCDDs/Fs.     

电动交通工具的污染减排及对策

燃油交通工具是城市温室气体的重要来源之一,因此使用电动交通工具成为解决城市污染减排的重要措施。文章就正确认识电动交通工具污染减排的作用,蓄电池的生产管理、回收利用等进行了讨论,并提出了相应的对策和建议。     

纳米金/碳纳米管修饰石墨电极测定邻苯二酚

采用自沉积方法将HAuCl4直接还原成纳米金颗粒并修饰在碳纳米管表面,所制备的纳米金(Au-CNTs/C)修饰电极对邻苯二酚(CAT)具有高的电催化氧化作用.采用循环伏安法考察CAT在Au-CNTs/C电极上的电化学行为,发现CAT在该修饰电极上发生可逆的氧化还原反应,在0.25V有明显的氧化峰.在磷酸盐缓冲溶液PBS(pH7.4)中,CAT的响应电流与浓度在5.0×10-7~5.0×10-3mol/L范围内呈线性关系,相关系数为0.9992,检出限为3.3×10-7mol/L.     

基于Meta分析的不同生产条件下秸秆还田对土壤氨挥发的影响

为探明不同生产条件下中国农田土壤氨挥发对秸秆还田的响应,通过搜集已发表的试验数据,以秸秆不还田作为对照,基于Meta分析研究了在不同自然因素和农田管理措施条件下,秸秆还田对土壤氨挥发的影响效应.同时通过偏相关分析,找出秸秆还田条件下氨挥发损失的主要影响因素并进行量化.结果表明,秸秆还田能够减少农田土壤氨挥发损失,其减排作用随生育期累积降水量的增高而减弱,随生育期均温的增高而增强;当土壤pH<6时,秸秆还田显著促进土壤氨挥发,pH≥6时,秸秆还田会显著抑制土壤氨挥发;秸秆还田对土壤氨挥发的减排效果随土壤黏粒含量的增大而增强;当土壤全氮<0.1%和>0.2%时,秸秆还田显著抑制土壤氨挥发,当土壤全氮在0.1%～0.2%时,秸秆还田会显著促进土壤氨挥发;当施氮量在60～180 kg·hm^-2和施氮量>240 kg·hm^-2时,秸秆还田会显著降低土壤氨挥发量（P<0.05）,而施氮量在180～240 kg·hm^-2时,秸秆还田显著促进土壤氨挥发;以翻耕或旋耕方式进行秸秆还田会显著抑制土壤氨挥发,而秸...     

毛霉菌回收金纳米颗粒的影响因素及吸附行为

生物吸附在贵金属的回收中具有较高的应用潜力.本研究以毛霉菌(Mucor varians)菌株(CGMCC 3.02549)为菌种资源,探究了毛霉菌吸附Au~(3+)的影响因素,包括初始Au~(3+)浓度、温度和pH值,研究了毛霉菌吸附Au~(3+)的动力学和热力学特性.结果表明,随着初始Au~(3+)浓度升高,毛霉菌的吸附率降低,吸附容量增高;吸附率随着温度的升高而增加;pH对毛霉菌吸附Au~(3+)的效果影响明显,pH为3时吸附效果最佳.毛霉菌对Au~(3+)的等温吸附过程更符合Langmuir方程(R2=0.985),最大吸附量为325.418 mg·g~(-1).拟二级动力学方程更适合描述Au~(3+)在毛霉菌上的吸附动力学(R2=0.910~0.922).通过热力学分析得出,毛霉菌吸附Au~(3+)是自发的吸热过程.傅里叶红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射和透射电镜分析表明,回收产物为金纳米颗粒,羰基和羟基是起主要作用的官能团.