模拟酸雨对土壤修复中重金属淋溶特征及土壤持水能力的影响

以磷酸二氢钾（PDP）钝化后的重金属污染土壤为研究对象,通过室内土柱淋溶和土壤吸水实验,考察pH为3.1、4.6和5.1的模拟酸雨对污染土壤修复过程中重金属淋溶特征及土壤持水能力的影响。实验结果表明：PDP处理显著增加了淋出液的pH、电导率、TOC和正磷酸盐态磷（ZP）含量,在淋溶初期显著降低了淋出液的Cu、Cd和Pb含量,但在淋溶后期增大了Pb含量;土壤持水量与电导率、pH、TOC和ZP含量呈现极显著负相关性;土壤修复过程中,有机质的淋失、盐分含量及pH的增大可引起土壤持水能力的减弱。     

典型酸雨地区森林土壤中不同形态铝的分析

对2个典型酸雨地区森林土壤样品中不同形态的铝进行了检测,结果表明:两地土壤中无定形铝和有机结合铝占主导地位,弱有机结合铝和可交换铝的含量相对较低(约为10%).有机配位体会减弱铝的交换能力,而且这些有机铝配合物大部分是强有机结合态铝;Al3+对其他碱基阳离子有较强的置换能力.土壤的酸度增大,可交换铝和弱有机结合铝的含量增高,不同土层中可交换铝和弱有机结合铝的垂直变化与相应的pH变化相一致.用复合草酸铵法提取无定形和有机态铝的方法机理尚待进一步研究.      

四川省酸雨污染现状及趋势分析

本文从酸雨成因入手,根据全省降水监测数据等资料,对四川省酸雨污染现状及变化趋势进行分析,结果表明：我省酸雨法污染面积广、频率高;酸度强,近五年,酸雨频率有下降趋势,但降水酸度无明显减弱,酸雨污染形势依然严峻;降水组份中,硫酸根离子和硝酸根离子比值逐年下降,说明大气污染特征已由煤烟型转为煤烟型与机动车尾气混合型。     

H-酸的催化湿式氧化反应过程研究

湿式氧化（ＷＡＯ）和催化湿式氧化（ＣＷＡＯ）都能有效地处理染料中间体－－Ｈ－酸。所有的Ｈ－酸在５ｍｉｎ内均被支除和形成一些中间产物。在不同反应时间段测定了ｐＨ值及阴、阳离子和小分子有机酸等中间产物。分析表明,ｐＨ值与ＣＯＤ的去除及有机酸的产生有密切的联系,Ｈ－酸被氧化成ＮＨ４＾＋、ＳＯ４＾２－、ＨＣＯＯＨ和ＣＨ２ＣＯＯＨ。ＷＡＯ法的瓜速率慢而且氧化乙酸困难。而ＣＷＡＯ法的反应速率不但快而且能有效地     

不同环境条件下偶氮染料酸性大红GR的生物降解性能

为了考察不同环境条件下偶氮染料酸性大红GR生物降解性能,采用已驯化的混合菌群作为接种液进行偶氮染料酸性大红GR脱色试验。结果表明,微氧条件下(静置敞口培养),偶氮染料酸性大红GR脱色效果最佳,染料脱色主要发生在菌体的对数生长期。混合菌群对pH、温度适应范围较广,pH为3.32~9.18,温度在20℃~37℃范围内均可以获得较好脱色效果,脱色率均在80%以上。微氧条件下酸性大红GR降解历程表明,偶氮基整个共轭系统被破坏,生成了一种新的结构,使原有的某些精细结构在二阶导数光谱中得以表现,由此探讨其生物降解机理。     

Variation in photosynthetic photon flux density within a tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, south-western China

Introduction Photosyntheticphotonfluxdensity(PPFD)withinforestcanopiesisintrinsicallyheterogeneousinspaceandtime.Becausesomespeciesaregenotypicallysuitedforspecificlightregimes,understandingtheheterogeneityofthelightregimewithinaforestcanopyisimportantfor…     

Effects of simulated acid rain on fertility of litchi

The regulatory role of calcium in fertility of pollen and pistil under simulated acid rain was investigated. The germination percentage of pollen treated with acid rain of pH 4.5 was 9.42% lower than that of control, and that of pH 3.5, pH 2.5 and pH 1.5 were 22.47%, 45.49% and 71.62%, respectively. Simultaneously, the injury character of pollen was obviously observed when flowers were treated with acid rain of pH 3.5. The difference in fruit setting rate between the female flower treated with acid rain of pH 4.0 and the control was significant at p 〈 0.05. Ca（NO3 ）5 of 0.2-0.4 mmol/L could promote pollen germination under the stress of acid rain. The beneficial function was reduced when calcium concentration surpassed 0.8 mmol/L. Spraying 2 mmol/L Ca（NO3 ）5 reduced the injury of acid rain to pistil and increased fruit-setting rate significantly. The physiological importance of calcium during pollen germination and pistil development was also discussed.     

贵州省遵义地区降水中低分子有机酸及其来源

甲酸和乙酸是大气对流层中广泛存在的低分子有机酸.降水中有机酸的研究是认识C、H、O等元素生物地球化学循环和酸雨成因的重要内容.贵州省遵义地区是我国酸雨高发地区,在遵义市进行了为期1 a的降水采集,并利用离子色谱法和原子吸收法分别对降水中主要阴离子(包括有机和无机)和阳离子进行了测定.结果显示.pH的年均值为4.11,表明遵义市酸雨形势依然严峻;甲酸和乙酸的的雨量加权平均值分别为9.29 ìmol稬-1(范围:0.15～46.14 ìmol稬-1)和6.47ìmol!L-1(范围:0.02～19.11 ìmol稬-1),占阴离子总址的4.10%,二者的相天系数达到0.86.说明甲酸和乙酸具有共同的来源.在一次降雨事件中,有机酸的浓度一般随降雨时间的延长而降低,但在降雨中后期有时会出现上升的现象,表明有机酸主要来自云下淋滤作用,少数情况下来自大气远距离的传输.遵义市区的山间盆地地形、高湿度、低风速、以尘埃为主的大气污染物等特点为有机酸来源于当地创造了条件.应用气液平衡的原理,提出了降水中甲酸、乙酸比值(F/A)aq的有机酸来源判定方法.发现遵义降水中的有机酸春季和冬季主要来自人类活动的释放.夏季和秋季则主要来自植物的释放.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

酒石酸淋洗过程中土壤重金属解吸动力学特征

采用批处理淋洗的方法,研究了酒石酸淋洗修复张士污灌区土壤过程中镉、铅、铜、锌4种重金属离子解吸动力学特征。结果表明,酒石酸在12h条件下,达到对污染土壤中镉离子的最大去除率,铅、铜、锌3种重金属离子达到最大去除率则需要24h。4种重金属离子的解吸动力学过程可以用Elovich方程很好的描述,说明酒石酸去除重金属离子的过程是一种非均相扩散过程。此外,解吸速率曲线显示,反应初期相同时刻上酒石酸对铅离子的解吸速率最快,其次是铜和锌,最后是镉离子;反应后期同一时刻上铜和锌的解吸速率大于铅和镉。