酸沉降对缙云山湖水化学的影响

为了解我国典型酸雨区酸沉降时间变化特征以及对水化学特征的影响,利用2001—2020年东亚酸沉降监测网(EANET)的湿沉降与湖泊监测数据,使用MK检验分析缙云山酸沉降和湖水化学长期变化特征,使用Spearman相关系数明确酸沉降对湖水化学特征的影响。结果表明：2001—2020年,缙云山酸雨问题已得到改善,但降水p H值在3.94—5.15,平均值为4.41,酸雨问题依然严峻。硫和溶解无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)沉降通量分别为32.85 kg·hm^-2·a^-1和22.55 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,酸雨类型已由“硫酸型”转变为“硫酸-硝酸混合型”。湖水pH值的范围在5.25—7.50,平均值为5.86,酸化频率为30%。湖水pH值与降水pH值之间的相关性(r=0.56,P<0.01)表明酸沉降对湖水酸化有一定作用。因此,对于酸化水体的治理须考虑大气沉降因素,只有协同治理大气污染才能根治水生生态系统的退化现象。     

衡山冻雨金属元素污染特征和来源解析

冻雨是冬春季节常见的灾害性天气,在我国主要分布在南方山区。冻雨在到达地表前以过冷水形式存在,是一种特殊的降水类型,其化学特性鲜见报道。2015年12月—2016年3月在南岳衡山气象站(海拔1265.9 m)收集了38个冻雨样品,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱分析了其中25种金属元素的浓度,并运用正定矩阵因子法受体模型解析了其来源。结果表明：冻雨中25种金属元素的浓度变化范围达7个数量级(2×10^-4—4×10³μg·L^-1),且大部分元素的浓度随着冻雨温度和pH的降低而增加。26%的冻雨样本受东北气团的影响,地壳元素浓度较高;而来自西南气团的冻雨样本占38%,重金属污染较重;南部气团(36%)携带的元素浓度相对较低。与国内外其他高山站点观测结果相比,衡山冻雨中金属元素的浓度水平整体上高于雨水但低于云水。通过富集因子分析发现,冻雨中Sb、Se、Cd、As、Zn和Pb等重金属明显受到人为源的影响,呈严重富集特征。源解析结果表明燃煤对冻雨化学成分的贡献最大(占31%),二次源、扬尘、工业排放和生物质燃烧的贡献分别为30%、18%、1...     

2008—2018年黄山市酸雨污染特征变化趋势分析

采用2008—2018年黄山市酸雨监测数据,阐述了黄山市酸雨变化特征及成因。结果表明:黄山市降水pH在5.0左右徘徊;酸雨频率在2017年以前均处于高位,以2017年为拐点,下降到最低值(35.7%)。总体上,黄山市酸雨污染情况正在得到改善,但形势依然严峻。SO2-₄和NO-₃的当量浓度之比从2013年的4.09下降到2018年的1.10;SO₂和NO_x排放量逐年减少,但是幅度不同,NO_x排放量下降幅度不大,致使NO_x对酸雨的贡献有增加的趋势;酸雨类型由硫酸型转变为硫酸型和硝酸型并重,机动车排放对酸雨污染的贡献已不可忽视。对黄山市降水中的碱性离子中和能力进行分析发现,黄山市起主要中和作用的离子为NH⁺₄和Ca²⁺。将黄山市降水与其他地区降水进行对比发现,黄山市降水受到的中和作用强于东南地区,但弱于北方地区。     

酸雨胁迫对白兰花(Michelia alba DC．)抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响

本文以长势良好且树龄相同的木兰科植物白兰花(Michelia alba.DC)为实验材料,采用盆栽方式,用模拟酸雨的处理方法,研究了其在模拟酸雨胁迫下的抗氧化酶系统和丙二醛(MDA)的变化规律。结果表明,pH2.0酸雨比pH3.0和pH4.0对白兰花的影响更大,到第六次喷施酸雨时,SOD、POD、CAT酶活性均低于对照;各处理MDA含量在第六次处理时达到最高值,且均与对照呈显著性差异(P0.05)。说明酸雨胁迫对白兰花的影响较大,白兰花在酸雨胁迫下抗逆性和耐受性较弱,其结果为酸雨控制区选择城市绿化植物提供重要的现实意义。     

模拟酸雨对大宝山尾矿淋滤实验研究

在模拟酸雨作用下,研究了大宝山尾矿中重金属Cd、Pb及Mn的释放规律及动力学。结果表明,在淋滤液不同酸度(pH为5.6、4.8、3.0)条件下,不同重金属呈现出不同的释放规律。随着淋滤量的增加,淋出液pH逐渐上升;Cd和Mn的释放可分为快速释放和慢速释放2个阶段,Pb的释放速度一直相对稳定。随着淋滤液pH的降低,淋出液pH降低,重金属的释放量及释放速度增加;淋滤液pH对3种重金属释放的影响程度为Pb>Mn>Cd。Cd和Mn的释放可用准二级动力学方程及Elovich方程很好拟合,准二级动力学方程更优;Pb的释放可用双常数方程和零级动力学方程很好拟合。     

北京城市雨水、树冠水和地表径流中有机氯农药的污染特征

对北京降雨过程中雨水、树冠水、地表径流等介质中有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染特征进行了研究,研究的污染物包括六氯苯(HCB)、六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)。结果显示,在雨水、树冠水和地表径流中,HCH含量最高(几何平均浓度分别为11.1、21.6和25.1 ng/L),其次是HCB(几何平均浓度分别为3.71、3.54和5.91 ng/L)和DDT(几何平均浓度分别为2.64、4.66和10.6 ng/L)。对地表径流样品中所测的OCPs组分浓度与径流水质参数和气象参数的相关分析显示,所测各OCPs组分浓度与pH呈显著负相关,与径流的溶解性有机碳含量呈显著正相关,降雨量和雨前晴天数对不同组分OCPs的影响并不完全相同。平均贡献率的计算表明,雨水是城市地表径流中OCPs的一个重要来源,树冠水的贡献也不可忽视。     

Level and origin of 129I and 137Cs in lichen samples (Cladonia alpestris) in central Sweden

Lichen is a symbiosis between algae and fungi. They have for decades been used as bioindicators for atmospheric deposition of heavy metals, organic compounds and radioactive elements. Especially the species Cladonia alpestris and Cladonia rangiferina are important for the food chain lichen-reindeer-man.The concentration of ¹²⁹I was determined in lichen samples (Cladonia alpestris) contaminated by fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests explosions and the Chernobyl accident. The samples were collected at Lake Rogen District (62.3°N, 12.4°E) in central Sweden in the periods 1961-1975 and 1987-1998, and analysed with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at CNA (Seville) to study its distribution in different layers. Data on the ¹³⁷Cs activity measured previously were also included in this study. The ¹²⁹I concentration ranged from (0.95 ± 0.13) × 10⁸ at g⁻¹ in 1961 in the uppermost layer to (14.2 ± 0.5) × 10⁸ at g⁻¹ in 1987 in deepest layer. The ¹²⁹I/¹³⁷Cs atom ratio ranged between 0.12 and 0.27 for lichen samples collected in the period 1961-1975, indicating weapons tests fallout. For lichen samples collected between 1987 and 1998 the behaviour of ¹³⁷Cs concentrations reflected Chernobyl fallout. The concentrations of the two radionuclides followed each other quite well in the profile, reflecting the same origin for both.From the point of view of the spatial distribution in the lichen, it appears that ¹²⁹I was predominantly accumulated in the lowest layer, the opposite to ¹³⁷Cs for which the highest amounts were detected systematically in the topmost layer of lichen. This vertical distribution is important for radioecology because lichen is the initial link in the food chain lichen-reindeer-man, and reindeer only graze the upper parts of lichen carpets.     

西南喀斯特区域生态环境敏感性评价及其空间分布

西南喀斯特区域生态环境本身的脆弱性再加上不合理的人类活动的影响,生态环境问题突出,识别易发生生态环境问题的区域,为西南喀斯特地区生态环境保护和恢复提供科学依据十分必要。在ArcGIS支持下,选取影响西南喀斯特区生态环境的4个敏感性因子（水土流失、石漠化、酸雨及生境生物多样性）作为评价因子,采用层次分析法和综合指标法,评价西南喀斯特区域生态环境敏感性程度及空间分布情况。结果表明：西南喀斯特地区水土流失、石漠化、酸雨敏感性很高,前二者的中度敏感以上区域均占西南喀斯特区域总面积的60%以上,酸雨中度敏感以上区域达50%以上;生境生物多样性敏感性相对较低,不敏感区占西南喀斯特区总面积的40%。西南喀斯特区生态环境综合敏感度极高,中度敏感以上区域占整个研究区总面积的80%以上,不敏感和轻度敏感区主要分布在湘中南、鄂东南、广西中部喀斯特峰林平原区及云南、贵州山间盆地及河谷地区。地质背景、地形及气候是西南喀斯特区域生态环境敏感性的主导因素     

Phosphorus effect on Zn adsorption-desorption kinetics in acid soils

The adsorption-desorption kinetics of Zn in the absence and presence of P was studied by using the stirred flow chamber technique. The results thus obtained were compared with those previously obtained for Cu. As with copper, the simultaneous addition of P and Zn in a 1:1 mole ratio to soil was found to significantly increased Zn adsorption relative to the absence of P. Unlike Cu, however, Zn was only adsorbed at fast adsorption sites in the absence of P. In any case, the increased adsorption of Zn in the presence of P was largely due to slow adsorption sites, where Zn²⁺ ion acted as a bridging element between P and organic matter. Following adsorption in both the presence and absence of P, Zn was desorbed to a much higher extent than was Cu. However, the proportion of Zn desorbed after adsorption in the presence of P was significantly lower than in the absence of P. This indicates that Zn binds more strongly to adsorbing surfaces in the presence of P than in its absence.     

Nitrogen leaching and acidification during 19 years of NH₄NO₃ additions to a coniferous-forested catchment at Gårdsjön, Sweden (NITREX)

The role of nitrogen (N) in acidification of soil and water has become relatively more important as the deposition of sulphur has decreased. Starting in 1991, we have conducted a whole-catchment experiment with N addition at Gårdsjön, Sweden, to investigate the risk of N saturation. We have added 41 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as NH₄NO₃ to the ambient 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in fortnightly doses by means of sprinkling system. The fraction of input N lost to runoff has increased from 0% to 10%. Increased concentrations of NO₃ in runoff partially offset the decreasing concentrations of SO₄ and slowed ecosystem recovery from acid deposition. From 1990-2002, about 5% of the total N input went to runoff, 44% to biomass, and the remaining 51% to soil. The soil N pool increased by 5%. N deposition enhanced carbon (C) sequestration at a mean C/N ratio of 42-59 g g⁻¹.