1998年长江流域暴雨洪水环流背景分析

１９９８年主汛期,由于西太平洋副热带持续偏南、偏强,中高纬度维持稳定的阻塞形势,６、７月雨带长期在鄱阳湖、没庭湖地区徘徊,造成长江中下游地区严重洪涝;８月随着副高北抬,长江上游出现多次强降水过程,长江干流受中下游洪水顶主上游洪峰下泻的影响,水位居高不下,多数水文站出现了超记录的历史最高水位。１９９８年的已成为一次少有的新的长江大洪水的典型。     

Soil acidity reconstruction based on tree ring information of a dominant species Abies fabri in the subalpine forest ecosystems in southwest China

To assess the suitability of dendrochemistry as an indicator of soil acidification, soil chemistry and tree ring information of Abies fabri were measured at two distinct sites (severe acid deposition site-Emei Mountain and clean site-Gongga Mountain) of the subalpine forest ecosystems of western Sichuan, southwest China. The actual soil acidity (pH) was significantly correlated with some of the recent xylem cation (Ca, Mg, Mn, Al, Sr and Ba) concentrations and their molar ratios. Xylem Ca/Mg and Ca/Mn of A. fabri were ultimately selected to reconstruct the historical changes of soil pH in Emei Mountain and Gongga Mountain, respectively. The validity of those rebuild was also verified to a certain extent. We conclude that xylem cation molar ratios of A. fabri were superior to the single cation concentrations in soil acidity rebuild at the study sites due to normalizing for concentration fluctuations.     

Impact of mercury on the activity pattern of a marker enzyme in a freshwater bivalve

Sessile benthic organisms are universally accepted as bio-indicators of environmental pollution and lysosomal membrane is often the target of injury by xenobiotics resulting in destabilization. Effect of mercury on the activity pattern of the marker enzyme, Acid Phosphatase in the gill and hepatopancreas of the freshwater mussel, Lamellidens corrianus (Lea) at 24, 72, and 168 h, post-exposure discussed. ACP activity was determined as given in Sigma Technical Bulletin (No. 104) and μmol of p-nitrophenol liberated/mg protein/h calculated. The work aimed to study the duration of exposure and concentration of the metal influence, the direction of the response of the enzyme in the two tissues studied and results show that the concentration of the metal as well as the period of exposure do influence the enzyme activity and may have predictive value as a biomarker of impending population changes. Higher concentration of the metal is assumed to have induced stress proteins like metallothioneins.     

Environmental regulatory failure and metal contamination at the Giap Lai pyrite mine, Northern Vietnam

The causes for the failure in enforcement of environmental regulations at the Giap Lai pyrite mine in northern Vietnam are considered and the environmental impacts that are associated with this mine are evaluated. It is shown that sulphide-rich tailings and waste rock in the mining area represent significant sources of acid rock drainage (ARD). The ARD is causing elevated metal levels in downstream water bodies, which in turn, represent a threat to both human health and to aquatic ecosystems. Metal concentrations in impacted surface waters have increased after mine closure, suggesting that impacts are becoming progressively more serious. No post-closure, remediation measures have been applied at the mine, in spite of the existence of environmental legislation and both central and regional institutions charged with environmental supervision and control. The research presented here provides further emphasis for the recommendation that, while government institutions may need to be strengthened, and environmental regulations need to be in place, true on the ground improvement in environmental quality in Vietnam and in many other developing countries require an increased focus on promoting public awareness of industrial environmental issues.     

酸雨条件下城市农业土壤镉的释放研究

本文选取成都市典型农业土壤为研究对象,根据成都市降雨特征,模拟一定范围pH及主要阴、阳离子浓度配制成母液开展酸雨淋滤实验,以确定酸雨中影响土壤重金属元素镉溶解度的关键因素,探明其对镉释放的影响程度。研究结果表明,总体上酸雨加速了土壤镉的释放。不同类型土壤在同一酸雨条件下,镉的释放速度和最大释放量也不同。酸雨pH值和主要阴、阳离子浓度对镉释放的影响有明显的规律。     

2001-2018年浙江省酸雨变化特征及影响因素分析

利用2001-2018年浙江省32个城市酸雨观测资料,结合数理统计和GIS空间插值,分析了全省降水酸度变化、化学组分特征及其影响因素.研究结果表明,以2009年为拐点,浙江省酸雨污染呈先加重后减轻的趋势,降水酸度和酸雨率均得到显著改善.2009年后,轻酸雨城市的比例不断上升.至2018年,全省大部分城市均处于轻酸雨区,...     

上海市近16年湿沉降化学特征分析

对上海市1992-2007年湿沉降监测结果进行研究,16年来,上海市湿沉降主要呈现以下特征:pH总体呈现下降趋势,酸雨频率呈现上升趋势;2002年起升幅很大;硫酸根离子和钙离子浓度总体呈下降趋势,2003年后,各离子浓度都有一定程度下降;钙离子在总阳离子中的比例总体上明显下降,铵离子与总阳离子的百分比总体上呈上升趋势;硫酸根离子在总阴离子中的比例有所下降,硝酸根离子与总阴离子的百分比则一直呈上升趋势;硫酸根与硝酸根年均值的比值总体上呈明显的下降趋势,表明硫酸型在逐渐减弱;钙离子与铵离子的比值总体上也呈明显的下降趋势。     

9种草本观赏植物叶绿素含量和细胞膜透性对酸雨胁迫的响应

研究模拟酸雨(pH 2.0、3.0、3.5)对9种草本观赏植物叶片叶绿素(Chl)含量和细胞质膜透性的影响。结果表明,酸雨强度与草本观赏植物Chl含量呈负相关,酸雨胁迫次数越多,Chl含量越低,不同pH胁迫只是变幅之间存在差异,而在酸雨处理终止后,植物叶片Chl含量逐步恢复,且不同敏感型植物在各时段的恢复速度(或修复进程)不同,其规律为敏感植物<中等植物<抗性植物。酸雨强度与植物叶片质膜透性呈正相关,每增加1次酸雨胁迫,植物叶片质膜透性在前次基础上有所增加,增加幅度也表现出敏感植物>中等植物>抗性植物的基本规律。酸雨处理结束后,3类植物叶片质膜透性基本呈现“低—高—低”变化规律,质膜透性的变化峰值多出现在酸雨处理终止后的48 h,仅变化幅度存在差异,即敏感植物>中等植物>抗性植物。     

九寨沟旅游设施非点源污染人工降雨实验

对九寨沟国家公园的旅游设施(栈道和公路)进行了人工降雨试验的设计、操作和测试数据分析.模拟试验选择6处公路和栈道试验区,采用人工降雨方法模拟历时30min的降雨.试验中按3 min间隔对各试验场降雨径流带出的总磷负荷进行现场监测.对公路和栈道降雨径流和浓度特征分别进行了相似性和异同性分析.     

A four-year investigation on wet deposition in western Thailand

The investigation of pH variation and the chemical composition of rainwater have heen studied from April 2003 to October 2006 at a rural area of Nakorn Pathom Province,western Thailand.The pH value ranged from 4.0 to 7.8 with an average of 6.1.Out of 319 rain events,72 events were observed in acidic range(pH＜5.6).The pH of rainwater gradually increased over the sampling period.The volume-weighted mean concentrations (μeq/L)of ion species followed the order:Ca2 ＞NH4 ＞SO42-＞HCO3-＞NO3-＞Na ＞C1-＞CH3COO-＞Mg2 ＞K ＞H ＞HCOO-＞PO43-.Neutralization factor calculations reveal that Ca2 plays a major role in neutralization processes in this area.Enrichment factor calculations indicate that SO42-,K ,Ca2 and Mg2 were originated from non-marine sources.The statistical measure principie component analysis indicates influence of various local emission sources e.g.,soil,limestone mines,biomass burning and agricultural emissions,on the chemical composition of rainwater.