The role of lakeshore homeowner associations in environmental management

The purpose of this study was to determine what role lakeshore homeowner associations might play in environmental management. Lakeshore homeowner associations are formally organized groups of individuals owning property on or in the vicinity of a lake. Lakeshore homeowner associations in the Adirondack Park region of New York State were investigated by both a questionnaire mailed to all presidents and an informal field survey of some permanent lakeshore residents. The study showed that many of these organizations have become highly involved in an array of environmental management activities during their relatively long history. These activities include monitoring septic tank seepage, regulating the use of motorboats, restricting shoreline development, and assisting state and local planning agencies in detecting zoning violations. Some lakeshore homeowner associations are not highly involved in activities designed to maintain or improve quality of the lake environment. These associations are concerned instead primarily with organizing social events and performing other miscellaneous activities, such as access road maintenance. These associations, however, report lower overall water quality in their lakes than those associations with a high degree of involvement in environmental management. The study uncovered two important factors that tend to undermine the ability of lakeshore homeowner associations to undertake environmental management activities. One is the extent of cooperation that can be expected from nonmember residents of the lakeshore, such as seasonal vacationers. The second is an environmental problem that does not originate locally and therefore cannot be controlled by a local organization. Acid precipitation, rated by association presidents as their foremost water quality concern, is one such problem in the Adirondack Park Region.     

用酸化容量法对水体发生酸化敏感性评价方法的研究

本文对我国酸雨严重地区的部分水体中的缓冲容量以及缓冲容量随酸性沉降的变化过程进行了分析研究,首次提出了用酸化容量法评价水体发生酸化的敏感性。由于该方法尽可能地考虑水体各组分之间的相互作用与联系,因而,评价结果更为科学合理     

两种不同抗性作物对酸雨胁迫的响应

为明晰植物渗透调节在抗酸性机制中的作用,考察了模拟酸雨对抗酸性作物水稻(Oryza sativa)和酸敏感性作物大豆(Glycine max)幼苗株高、叶片含水量、渗透势、脯氨酸含量和质膜H+-ATPase活性的影响。结果表明,酸雨(p H=2.5~5.0)喷施5 d后,水稻和大豆幼苗的耐受阈值为p H=4.0和5.0;恢复5 d后,p H=2.5组水稻和p H=3.0组大豆含水量和株高仍未恢复到对照水平。动态测定结果显示,酸雨(p H=4.5和3.0)胁迫初期(第3 d),水稻脯氨酸含量应激升高,调控渗透势下降;随胁迫时间延长(第5 d),脯氨酸含量升高不足以维持稳定的渗透势,质膜H+-ATPase活性升高,调控胞内外渗透平衡。研究表明,酸雨胁迫下水稻脯氨酸和质膜H+-ATPase的渗透调节能力强于大豆,这是水稻抗酸性强于大豆的内在机制之一。     

酸雨对红色石灰土壤中Ca2+迁移及岩溶土壤生态系统的影响

为探讨酸雨对粤北岩溶区岩溶土壤中Ca迁移和流失的影响,选择酸雨频率和酸雨程度较高的我国广东省佛山市,开展自然降雨对红色石灰土壤中Ca2+的流失影响试验,于2011—2013年共收集到61次有效降雨产生的渗漏液,分析渗漏液中ρ(Ca2+)的变化情况,并间隔0.5 a左右测定供试土壤中的w(水溶性Ca)和w(TCa)(TCa为全钙),将试验3 a后供试土壤的w(有机质)、w(TN)、pH与供试源地土壤进行比较. 结果表明:①单位降雨造成的红色石灰土壤中Ca2+流失量与渗漏液中ρ(Ca2+)呈极显著正相关,与降雨量、渗漏液pH均呈正相关,而与雨水pH呈负相关,但不显著;单位降雨造成的土壤Ca2+净流失量达到2.16×10-5 g/(mm·kg),61次有效降雨造成的Ca2+净流失总量为0.05 g/kg. ②与蒸馏水及石灰岩采样点所在的坡麓洼地积水比较,酸雨明显增加了红色石灰土壤Ca2+流失量,但其影响因素复杂. pH为4.50~<5.65的轻度酸雨造成的土壤Ca2+流失量最大,其次是pH为5.65~6.29的非酸雨和pH<4.50的重度酸雨. ③降雨使石灰土壤中的w(TCa)呈持续减少趋势,2011—2013年供试石灰土壤中w(水溶性Ca)减少量为0.36 g/kg,并且呈明显的由上至下的减少迁移过程. ④与供试源地土壤相比,历经3 a酸雨淋溶的红色石灰土壤的w(有机质)和w(TN)均极显著增加,表层pH也极显著升高,意味着酸雨加速了土壤的分解转化,存在潜在的养分流失风险. 研究显示,酸雨不仅造成石灰土壤中Ca2+的加速流失和迁移,也加速了土壤中各类养分的分解转化,同时还会对岩溶地形、岩溶植物、流域水环境产生潜在或直接的影响.      

模拟酸雨对MoO3生产废渣的浸出毒性及生物毒性的影响

利用理化分析、浸出毒性分析、生物毒性试验相结合研究了三氧化钼(MoO3)生产排放的废渣在不同模拟酸雨条件下的浸出毒性及生物毒性.结果表明,废渣浸出液中镍超标,属于具有浸出毒性的危险废物;同时其浸出液具有极强的生物毒性,浸出液生物毒性由强至弱依次为pH=4.5>pH=5.0>pH:5.5>pH=6.0.pH=6.5>pH=6.8,生物毒性最低的浸出液(pH:6.8)24h、48h对隆线溞的半致死体积分数LC50分别为0.3775%、0.2184%.因此,三氧化钼生产排放的废渣在堆存和运输过程中要妥善处理,防止经雨水,尤其是酸雨淋溶浸泡;经浸泡后产生的废液会污染附近水体和土壤,对环境和居民健康造成危害.     

Combination of adsorption and biodegradation processes for textile e uent treatment using a granular activated carbon-biofilm configured packed column system

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using a granular activated carbon-biofilm configured packed column system in the deeolodzation of azo dye Acid Orange 7-containing wastewater.The Acid Orange 7-degrading microbial from anaerobic sequencing batch reactor which treating the azo dye-containing wastewater for more than 200 d was immobilized on spent granular activated carbon(GAC)through attachment.The GAC-biofilm configured packed column system showed the ability to decolorize...     

静态雾水采集器性能的评估

文章通过对日本神奈川县丹沢.大山中不同位置安装的静态雾水采集器采集样品的分析结果,分别与动态雾水采集器及同一地点采集的雨水样品的分析结果进行线性相关性的分析后得出:动态雾水采集器的性能虽然好于静态雾水采集器。但是,静态雾水采集器安置的环境如果适当,那么静态雾水采集器所采集的样品能够反映大气环境的状况,并且由于其价格低廉、不耗电特点,是一个很好的大气监测设备。     

模拟酸雨下几种药剂对皖草2号幼苗生长的影响

试验采用几种不同药剂对皖草2号幼苗进行叶面喷施处理．测定其在模拟酸雨条件下对皖草2号幼苗营养生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明：在模拟酸雨条件下除CaCl2药剂处理外,其它药剂处理均可提高叶绿素和脯氨酸的含量,增加根系活力,促进根系的生长,抑制丙二醛增生等,进而增强皖草2号的抵抗能力。其中以0.25mL／L的爱多收药剂处理效果为最好,其次是0．67mL／LBR溶液。     

百里酚对酸雨样品分析的影响

在东亚酸雨监测网湿沉降监测的技术指南中 ,百里酚 (thymol)作为杀菌剂被推荐用于预先加入采样容器以抑制微生物对有机酸的分解 ,解决没有冰箱或难以使用冰箱地区的酸雨样品保存问题。本文实验了它对酸雨样品分析的影响。由于百里酚与苯酚结构相似 ,造成靛酚法的铵离子分析中吸光度有所降低。此外 ,在每 10 0 ml样品中百里酚加入量大于 40 mg时 ,离子色谱的基线明显变差     

川西米亚罗地区亚高山针叶林建群种云杉土壤种子库研究

对川西米亚罗地区天然亚高山针叶林云杉种群的种子雨和土壤种子库进行了研究 .结果表明 :云杉种子雨过程从 2 0 0 2年 10月初到翌年 1月初 ,种子雨雨量 (n)为 5 79.99± 110 .84粒 /m2 ,其中种子下落主要集中在 11月 ,占种子雨总量的 5 7.80 % .种子雨分布格局呈集群分布 .于 2 0 0 3年春季 (3月 )和夏季 (8月 )两次对该天然云杉林土壤种子库取样 ,土壤种子库大小分别为 4 72 .8± 74 .82粒 /m2 和 185 .5± 89.95粒 /m2 ;腐烂种子分别为 39.6 0± 13.2 4粒 /m2和 12 0 .0± 6 3.39粒 /m2 ,腐烂种子比例由 8.39%增加到 6 4 .6 9% ;空粒种子分别为 118.8± 4 4 .6 6粒 /m2 和 6 5 .5± 2 6 .4 8粒 /m2 ,所占比例从 2 5 .14 %增加到 35 .31% .两次取样结果都表明 ,种子库种子主要集中在枯枝落叶层 ,分别占6 6 .17%和 6 6 .0 3% ,0～ 2cm层占 2 4 .73%和 2 3.4 5 % ,2～ 5cm层占 9.10 %和 10 .5 1% .到 8月 ,土壤中几乎所有云杉种子都失去活力 ,说明云杉种子库属于Thompson和Grime定义的第Ⅱ类型 ,即土壤种子库仅在冬季存在 ,在春季萌发 .土壤中春、夏、秋季种子很少或几乎没有 .林下云杉幼苗在 2 0 0 3年 6月 3号开始出现 ,在 6月中旬左右到达出苗高峰 ,累计平均幼苗数 4 .35株 /m2 .在川西米亚罗地区天然