AN防御蜡梅酸致损伤最佳条件选择

本文以蜡梅光合速率、叶绿素含量、质膜透性为生理指标，研究了ＡＮ对酸雨引起蜡梅损伤的防御作用与最佳作用条件，实验结果表明，以酸雨处理前２４ｈ处理后４８ｈ时间内，喷施１００ｐｐｍＡＮ３次的防御效应最佳。     

Testing the validity of a critical sulfur and nitrogen load model in southern Ontario, Canada, using soil chemistry data from MARYP

The validity of a steady-state massbalance model (Arp et al., 1996; referred to asARP) was tested using physicochemical soil data fromthe Monitoring Acid Rain Youth Program (MARYP). FourARP sites were matched with ten MARYP sites accordingto proximity, bedrock type and subsoil pH to test thevalidity of the ARP model for critical loadexceedances. Soil solution pH, base concentration andAl concentration from MARYP sites, which were wellmatched to ARP sites, validated the modelled criticalload exceedances. Higher exceedance areas wereassociated with more acidic pH and lower base andhigher Al concentrations from matched MARYP sites andvice versa. One ARP site was inappropriately matchedwith MARYP sites and could not be validated using baseand Al concentrations. This study also confirmed thesouthern limit of the zero critical load exceedanceisopleth from the model. However, variability of theother exceedance isopleths was noted due to thelimited number of sites used in the model. Thevalidation of these sites in the ARP model and thezero critical load exceedance isopleth nonethelessallows greater confidence in using this model as amanagement tool for acidic deposition.     

模拟酸雨对毛竹入侵阔叶林缓冲区土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

为了分析酸雨对毛竹入侵阔叶林缓冲区土壤细菌群落多样性的影响,以浙江省天目山国家级自然保护区毛竹扩张形成的竹阔混交林为研究对象,选取T₁（pH=4.0）、T₂（pH=2.5）两个模拟酸雨梯度,并以pH=5.5为对照（CK）,应用Illumina MiSeq高通量测试技术分析不同强度酸雨胁迫下土壤细菌群落组成和多样性变化及其关键影响因素.结果表明:①随着酸雨强度增加,竹阔混交林土壤w（TN）（TN为总氮）、w（OC）（OC为有机碳）、C/N和w（AN）（AN为碱解氮）显著升高,而pH、w（DOC）（DOC为可溶性有机碳）、w（MBC）（MBC微生物量碳）和w（MBN）（MBN为微生物量氮）显著下降（P < 0.05）.②与CK相比,模拟酸雨处理（T₁、T₂）显著降低了细菌群落的OTUs数量、Chao1指数和Ace指数（P < 0.05）.③竹阔混交林土壤细菌包括34门96纲247目401科698属,其中变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、放线菌门为3种处理下共有的优势菌门（相对丰度>1%）.变形菌门和放线菌门相对丰度在CK处理下最高,酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门相对丰度在T₂处理下最高.与CK相比,Arthrobacter属和Elsterales属相对丰度变化显著,可作为酸雨胁迫下土壤细菌群落结构变化的指示种.主坐标（PCoA）分析和相似性检验结果显示,模拟酸雨改变了土壤细菌群落结构.④冗余分析（RDA）和相关性分析表明,不同酸雨处理的竹阔混交林土壤细菌多样性与土壤pH、w（TN）密切相关（P < 0.05）.研究显示,不同模拟酸雨处理下土壤细菌群落结构和多样性有明显差异,主要可能受到土壤pH、w（TN）的影响.      

酸雨对红色石灰土壤中Ca2+迁移及岩溶土壤生态系统的影响

为探讨酸雨对粤北岩溶区岩溶土壤中Ca迁移和流失的影响,选择酸雨频率和酸雨程度较高的我国广东省佛山市,开展自然降雨对红色石灰土壤中Ca2+的流失影响试验,于2011—2013年共收集到61次有效降雨产生的渗漏液,分析渗漏液中ρ(Ca2+)的变化情况,并间隔0.5 a左右测定供试土壤中的w(水溶性Ca)和w(TCa)(TCa为全钙),将试验3 a后供试土壤的w(有机质)、w(TN)、pH与供试源地土壤进行比较. 结果表明:①单位降雨造成的红色石灰土壤中Ca2+流失量与渗漏液中ρ(Ca2+)呈极显著正相关,与降雨量、渗漏液pH均呈正相关,而与雨水pH呈负相关,但不显著;单位降雨造成的土壤Ca2+净流失量达到2.16×10-5 g/(mm·kg),61次有效降雨造成的Ca2+净流失总量为0.05 g/kg. ②与蒸馏水及石灰岩采样点所在的坡麓洼地积水比较,酸雨明显增加了红色石灰土壤Ca2+流失量,但其影响因素复杂. pH为4.50~<5.65的轻度酸雨造成的土壤Ca2+流失量最大,其次是pH为5.65~6.29的非酸雨和pH<4.50的重度酸雨. ③降雨使石灰土壤中的w(TCa)呈持续减少趋势,2011—2013年供试石灰土壤中w(水溶性Ca)减少量为0.36 g/kg,并且呈明显的由上至下的减少迁移过程. ④与供试源地土壤相比,历经3 a酸雨淋溶的红色石灰土壤的w(有机质)和w(TN)均极显著增加,表层pH也极显著升高,意味着酸雨加速了土壤的分解转化,存在潜在的养分流失风险. 研究显示,酸雨不仅造成石灰土壤中Ca2+的加速流失和迁移,也加速了土壤中各类养分的分解转化,同时还会对岩溶地形、岩溶植物、流域水环境产生潜在或直接的影响.      

山东省酸雨状况及成因研究

依据山东省多年来的降水观测资料,评价了酸雨污染现状,研究了酸雨时空分布规律.通过对主要酸雨前体物的排放强度与降水酸度的关系,土壤酸碱性与降水酸度的关系,以及气象条件对酸雨影响的分析,探讨了山东省酸雨的成因.     

A strategy for integrated monitoring

Administrative machinery has been set up to regulate and control most of the emissions that are known to have severe local consequences, such as the discharge of raw sewage into rivers and lakes and the smokestack emission of air pollutants. Now, the nature of environmental degradation is usually different. We are faced with pollutants and effects with more subtle cause-effect relationships, often characterized by larger geographic areas of interest and longer term potential damage; the potential risk is now more chronic than acute. Acid rain and climate change are good examples, in that they are associated with a variety of pollutants from a number of sources and damage to ecosystems occurs over many years. It is argued that monitoring programs should evolve to reflect the changing nature of the environmental problems they are addressing. It is now necessary to consider interactions among many pollutants, mixing among the various media, and potentially affecting many components of the ecosystem in both indirect and direct ways. Here, integrated monitoring and analysis is presented as a unifying strategy to bring together different measurement methodologies in different disciplines, addressing environmental questions of complexity beyond the scope of many existing activites that have a classical narrower focus. The underlying concept is of nested networks, each tier being composed of sites selected for specific purposes but arranged to maximize the number of common sites where more multidisciplinary questions can be addressed.     

用酸化容量法对水体发生酸化敏感性评价方法的研究

本文对我国酸雨严重地区的部分水体中的缓冲容量以及缓冲容量随酸性沉降的变化过程进行了分析研究,首次提出了用酸化容量法评价水体发生酸化的敏感性。由于该方法尽可能地考虑水体各组分之间的相互作用与联系,因而,评价结果更为科学合理     

以降水相关数据分析克拉玛依大气环境污染程度

根据对2006-2010年降水监测数据pH、化学成分、降水量、降尘等的分析,得出如下结论：克拉玛依的降水pH历年都大于酸雨临界值5．6,因此克拉玛依未曾出现过酸雨;降水的pH值与降水量呈正相关性;降水的离子总和与降尘也呈相关;克拉玛依的大气环境污染较轻。     

中国酸雨概况及防治对策探讨

中国受酸雨影响的地区已占国土面积的30％,已成为继欧州和北美之后世界第三大酸雨区。中国的酸雨为典型的硫酸型,其空间分布主要呈现以南方酸雨比北方严重,城市酸雨比郊区严重的特点。酸雨令中国农林业、畜牧业、水产养殖业、建筑业等都遭受了巨大的损失,如不采取果断有效的控制措施,由此所造成的大气污染及环境酸化将进一步加剧。本文系统阐述了中国酸雨的成因特点、现状及其危害,并根据中国酸雨的实际情况,结合国家制定的控制目标,提出了具体的防治对策。     

模拟酸雨对MoO3生产废渣的浸出毒性及生物毒性的影响

利用理化分析、浸出毒性分析、生物毒性试验相结合研究了三氧化钼(MoO3)生产排放的废渣在不同模拟酸雨条件下的浸出毒性及生物毒性.结果表明,废渣浸出液中镍超标,属于具有浸出毒性的危险废物;同时其浸出液具有极强的生物毒性,浸出液生物毒性由强至弱依次为pH=4.5>pH=5.0>pH:5.5>pH=6.0.pH=6.5>pH=6.8,生物毒性最低的浸出液(pH:6.8)24h、48h对隆线溞的半致死体积分数LC50分别为0.3775%、0.2184%.因此,三氧化钼生产排放的废渣在堆存和运输过程中要妥善处理,防止经雨水,尤其是酸雨淋溶浸泡;经浸泡后产生的废液会污染附近水体和土壤,对环境和居民健康造成危害.