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911.
Analysis of ion concentration of samples taken sequentially during a storm event is important in order to reveal the relation between the atmospheric conditions and ion concentrations in each sub-event. This study presents the interrelationship among the chemical composition parameters and atmospheric variables for four storm events that were sampled in Istanbul during a) January 21-23, 2004 b) November 9-11, 2003 c) February 12-13, 2004 and d) October 27-28, 2003. These events lasted 53.3, 47.9, 27.5 and 13.2 h and the number of collected samples for each event was 22, 14, 7 and 4, in order. Generally values of pH and concentrations of ions in the first sub-events for all four cases were found higher than those of the other sub-event samples taken in sequence owing to the strong initial washout of the atmosphere by raindrops. Precipitation events a and c include rain and snow together where precipitation started as rain and continued as snow after 16th and 3rd sub-events. Higher concentration of ions in the snow in comparison with that of rain sub-events samples can be explained by more efficient below cloud scavenging of atmospheric constituents, especially aerosol particles, by snowflakes. In general, all of the ions sampled in the sub-events for four storms have variability similar to each other, with high correlation coefficient among themselves. Cl(-) and SO(4)(2-) were found to be the dominant ions in average overall sub-events. Calculated NSS concentration values of ions indicated that the main source of SO(4)(2-) was industrial and domestic emissions, most of the Ca(2+) and K(+) came from soil, nearly half of the Mg(2+) and all of the Cl(-) originated from sea. 相似文献
912.
采用2006-2010年咸宁市区降水监测数据,对咸宁市酸雨现状及形成原因进行了全面系统的分析。分析结果表明,咸宁市酸雨由硫酸和硝酸混合型向硫酸型过渡,且外来污染源的输入是造成咸宁市酸雨污染的主要原因。 相似文献
913.
914.
The study was undertaken to determine the impact of high-metal composts on the activities of four soil enzymes. High concentrations of metal salts (Cr, Cu, Ni or a Co-Mo-Pb combination) were added to feedstocks during the thermophilic stage of composting. These four metal-enriched composts and an unamended control compost were then mixed with soil collected from long-term agriculture plots under organic management or conventional management. The compost-soil mixtures were prepared at two rates (1:1 or 1:3 compost:soil, v/v) and incubated at 20°C for three weeks. These 20 combinations plus the five composts and the two soils were added to pots and incubated for three weeks. Following incubation, soil enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, arysulfatase, dehydrogenase, phosphodiesterase) were measured using traditional assay procedures. Compared to the control, none of the high-metal composts inhibited soil enzyme activity. Notably, the Cu compost treatment produced significantly higher activity of all four enzymes in the soil compared to the control. Previous soil management influenced the activity of three enzymes, arysulfatase and dehydrogenase had greater activity in the organic soil while phosphatase activity was greater in the conventional soil. Increasing the proportion of compost in the pot had a positive effect on phosphodiesterase activity only. In conclusion, the high-metal compost treatments either enhanced or caused no adverse effects on soil enzyme activity. 相似文献
915.
Mahmoud A. Salen M. Abou Zied G. El‐Baroty E. Abdel‐Reheim Fawzia Abdel‐Rahman C. Wallace 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):687-699
Abstract Cyclodiene insecticides, hexachlorocyclohexanes, pyrethroids, bicyclophosphates, the bicycloorthocarboxylate insecticides and some of their metabolites and environmental degradation products are central nervous system toxicants with high specific binding affinity to the chloride channel of the γ‐ aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor‐ionophore sites. [35S] tertiary‐butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) with specific activity higher than 60 Ci/mmole has a high binding affinity to the same sites and is now commercially available and can be used to label the GABAA receptor for the development of a radioreceptor assay technique. The GABA receptor was prepared by ultra centnfugation and dialysis of brain homogenates of either cow, goat, rat or catfish. The receptor was then labeled with [35S] TBPS and the assay was conducted by measuring the displacement of radioactivity following incubation with samples containing the analytes. A radioreceptor assay protocol was developed to measure the amount of the α‐endosulfan in blood samples. The assay was extremely sensitive, and can detect 0.2 nM of endosulfan at a level equivalent to 0.08 ppb or 8x10‐11 gm of endosulfan in each ml of the blood samples. 相似文献
916.
《环境科学学报(英文版)》2023,35(4):612-620
Schwertmannite is an important Fe(III)-oxyhydroxysulfate in acid mine drainage (AMD) polluted areas and its stability depends on surrounding environmental factors and previously bound elements. The treatment and neutralization of AMD normally involve the use of lime, which leads to the discharge of abundant Ca in the mining area. Such an environmental disturbance brings up an important and less considered problem of how the reductive transformation of schwertmannite associated with coexisting Ca occurred. Here, the Fe(II)-mediated transformation of Ca-adsorbed schwertmannite and subsequent Ca repartitioning behaviors were investigated. Results showed that adsorbed Ca had a weak inhibitory effect on Fe(II)-mediated schwertmannite transformation. Release of SO42− and SEM images both indicated that transformation rates of schwertmannite decreased under the influence of adsorbed Ca. XRD patterns indicated that adsorbed Ca altered schwertmannite transformation pathways and product compositions upon treatment with 0.4 mmol/L Fe(II). The end products of Sch notably contained both goethite and lepidocrocite; however, transformation products of SchCa only contained goethite all along. Approximately 33.5% of the surface adsorbed-Ca was released into solution within 6 hr after Fe(II) injection. Aqueous Ca behaved in a “first release and then im-mobilization” manner, which indicated dissolution and secondary mineralization drove Ca migration during the Fe(II)-mediated transformation of SchCa. Adsorbed Ca blocked the surface sites for subsequent Fe(II) adsorption, limited the Fe(II)-Fe(III) ETAE, and decreased the transformation rates. This work sheds light on the complex geochemical behavior of schwertmannite under the influences of environmental perturbations in AMD environments. 相似文献
917.
Reactive transport modeling of a permeable reactive barrier for the treatment of mine drainage was used to integrate a comprehensive data set including pore water chemistry and solid phase data from several sampling events over a >3-year time period. The simulations consider the reduction of sulfate by the organic carbon-based treatment material and the removal of sulfate and iron by precipitation of reduced mineral phases including iron monosulfides and siderite. Additional parameters constraining the model include dissolved H2S, alkalinity and pH, as well as a suite of solid phase S-fractions identified by extractions. Influences of spatial heterogeneity necessitated the use of a 2-dimensional modeling approach. Simulating observed seasonal fluctuations and long-term changes in barrier reactivity required the use of temperature dependent rate coefficients and a multimodal Monod-type rate expression accounting for the variable reactivity of different organic carbon fractions. Simulated dissolved concentrations of SO4, Fe, H2S, alkalinity and pH, as well as solid phase accumulations of reduced sulfur phases generally compare well to observed trends over 23 months. Spatial variations, seasonal fluctuations and the time-dependent decline in reactivity were also captured. The modeling results generally confirm, and further strengthen, the existing conceptual model for the site. Overall sulfate reduction and S-accumulation rates are constrained with confidence within a factor of 1.5. 相似文献
918.
919.
Fabian P Kohlpaintner M Rollenbeck R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(5):290-296
Background Biomass burning is a source of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen compounds which, along with their photochemically generated reaction
products, can be transported over very long distances, even traversing oceans. Chemical analyses of rain and fogwater samples
collected in the mountaineous rain forest of south Ecuador show frequent episodes of high sulfate and nitrate concentration,
from which annual deposition rates are derived comparable to those found in polluted central Europe. As significant anthropogenic
sources are lacking at the research site it is suspected that biomass burning upwind in the Amazon basin is the major source
of the enhanced sulfate and nitrate imput.
Methods Regular rain and fogwater sampling along an altitude profile between 1800 and 3185 m has been carried out in the Podocarpus
National Park close to the Rio SanFrancisco (3°58'S, 79°5'W) in southern Ecuador. pH values, electrical conductivity and chemical
ion composition were measured at the TUM-WZW using standard methods.
Results and Discussion Results reported cover over one year from March 2002 until May 2003. Annual deposition rates of sulfate were calculated ranging
between 4 and 13 kg S/ha year, almost as high as in polluted central Europe. Nitrogen deposition via ammonia (1.5–4.4 kg N/ha
year) and nitrate (0.5–0.8 kg N/ha year) was found to be lower but still much higher than to be expected in such pristine
natural forest environment. By means of back trajectory analyses it can be shown that most of the enhanced sulfur and nitrogen
deposition is most likely due to forest fires far upwind of the Ecuadorian sampling site, showing a seasonal variation, with
sources predominantly found in the East/NorthEast during January–March (Colombia, Venezuela, Northern Brazil) and East/SouthEast
during July–September (Peru, Brazil).
Conclusion Our results show that biomass burning in the Amazon basin is the predominant source of sulfur and nitrogen compounds that
fertilize the mountaineous rain forest in south Ecuador.
Recommendation and Outlook The mountaineous rain forest in south Ecuador has developed on poor and acid soils, with low nutrient availability. The additional
fertilization resulting from anthropogenic biomass burning constitutes a significant disturbance of this ecosystem, its functioning
and biodiversity. Thus it is planned to employ isotope analyses for quantifying the pathways of nitrate and sulfate deposition
in these natural forests. 相似文献
920.
40 rainwater samples were collected in Hannover and near Peine (Lower Saxony, Germany) in 1992 using a wet-only collector. The samples were extracted by solid phase extraction and analyzed by GC/MS for 59 pesticides. 11 pesticides were found in more than 10 samples. The highest concentrations were observed for terbuthylazine (0.003 – 0.52 μg/L ), metolachlor (0.003 – 0.51 pg/L, mean: 0.10 μg/L), metalaxyl (0.006 – 0.48 μg/L, mean: 0.10 pg/L) and chlorothalonil (0.003 – 1.1 μg/L, mean: 0.16 μg/L). The concentrations show a seasonal dependence reflecting the application periods. 相似文献