Formaldehyde oxidation on Pd/USY catalysts at room temperature: The effect of acid pretreatment on supports

The complete catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO) to CO₂ and H₂O at room temperature is a green route for indoor HCHO removal. Zeolite is an excellent carrier material for HCHO oxidation due to its large surface area, intricate pores and high adsorption capacity. However, the zeolite-supported noble metal catalysts have currently shown relatively low activity especially at room temperature. In this work, we present a facile acid treatment strategy for zeolite catalysts to improve the hydroxyl concentration and further enhance their catalytic activity for HCHO oxidation. Activity tests illustrated that HCHO could be completely oxidized to CO₂ and H₂O at a nearly 100% conversion rate with a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 150,000 mL/(g∙hr) at 25°C, when the support of Pd/USY catalysts was pretreated by hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 0.20 mol/L. The characterization results revealed that the active hydroxyl groups originated from the dealumination in the acid treatment play a key role in the HCHO oxidation reaction. The deduced reaction mechanism suggests that bridging hydroxyl groups may oxidize HCHO to dioxymethylene (DOM) species and terminal hydroxyl groups are responsible for the transformation of DOM groups to formate (HCOO) species.     

酸雨对全生育时期水稻叶绿素荧光的影响

酸雨是全球关注的重大环境污染问题之一,中国亦继西欧和北美之后,成为当今世界第三大酸雨区。光合作用是植物生物量和作物经济产量形成的生理基础,叶绿素荧光常用来判断逆境胁迫对植物光合作用造成的伤害。有研究表明,酸雨会对植物叶绿素荧光造成影响,然不同生长阶段植物对逆境的抵抗能力亦存在差异,采用模拟酸雨（酸雨 pH 值梯度为4.5、3.5、2.5）或模拟天然降水持续胁迫（每隔3天喷施1次）水稻（Oryza sativa）（从幼苗期至灌浆期）,利用原位无损伤叶绿素荧光测定技术（德国Walz公司PAM-210脉冲调制式荧光仪）分别探测和分析幼苗期、分蘖期、孕穗期和灌浆期水稻叶片（处理组和对照组）,研究酸雨对全生育期水稻叶绿素荧光的影响,相关研究未见报道。结果表明,与CK相比,pH 4.5酸雨使幼苗期和孕穗期初始荧光（Fo）显著提高了7.69%、8.84%,使幼苗期、分蘖期和孕穗期非光化学猝灭参数（qN）显著提高了8.64%、4.86%、6.09%,使幼苗期和孕穗期最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）,PSII电子传递速率（ETR）,实际原初光能捕获效率（ΦPSII）,光化学猝灭参数（qP）显著降低,幼苗期、孕穗期降幅依次为Fv/Fm（3.01%、6.88%）、ETR（8.40%、10.24%）、ΦPSII（8.39%、12.23%）、qP（3.79%、12.55%）;pH 3.5、pH 2.5酸雨不同程度地显著降低了各生育时期Fv/Fm、ETR、ΦPSII、qP,幼苗期和孕穗期qN,显著提高了各生育时期Fo,且随酸雨pH值降低,变化幅度增大。同时,pH 4.5或pH 3.5酸雨持续胁迫下,水稻受到伤害大小规律为灌浆期＆lt;幼苗期＆lt;分蘖期＆lt;孕穗期;pH 2.5酸雨持续胁迫下,水稻受到伤害大小规律为分蘖期＜幼苗期＜灌浆期＜孕穗期。总之,酸雨胁迫强度与水稻叶绿素荧光参数存在剂量-效应关系,酸雨持续胁迫会对不同生育时期水稻光合作用造成影响,并且不同生育时期水稻光合作用对酸雨胁迫敏感性存在差异,这些是评价酸雨胁迫对植物影响时需考虑因素。     

奎屯市大气降水现状分析及评价

为了解奎屯市大气降水状况及主要污染物,奎屯市监测站于2002年对大气降水进行了为期一年的酸雨监测。本文根据监测结果,介绍了奎屯市酸雨现状,对其成因进行了分析,并提出防治酸雨污染的可行性建议。     

四川盆地极端暴雨水汽输送特征分析

论文利用1961—2015年四川盆地104个国家气象站资料和同期NCEP资料,筛选四川盆地极端暴雨过程并进行分型,引入拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道模型（HYSPLIT 4）,定量分析了不同类型极端暴雨过程850 hPa和700 hPa上的水汽输送特征。结果表明：1）四川盆地全盆移动型和盆西型极端暴雨不同层次上的水汽输送轨迹有所不同。850 hPa上全盆移动型水汽输送轨迹主要有4条,而盆西型主要有5条;700 hPa上全盆移动型和盆西型水汽轨迹都主要有3条。2）不同后向追踪时间,两类极端暴雨过程850 hPa的水汽来源大值区有所不同。后向追踪1 d,两类极端暴雨过程的水汽来源大值区都出现在西南地区东部;后向追踪3 d,全盆移动型的水汽大值区出现在两广交界处以及北部湾附近,而盆西型的水汽大值区出现在湖北西部至两广交界处以及印度半岛北部;后向追踪9 d,两类极端暴雨过程相同的水汽来源大值区为斯里兰卡岛附近的印度洋洋面,此外,全盆移动型的另一个大值区为菲律宾岛附近的太平洋洋面,盆西型的另一个大值区为中南半岛东部沿海。3）追踪到不同类型极端暴雨过程不同层次上的水汽源地,并定量分析了不同水汽源地的贡献率。850 hPa上全盆移动型主要水汽源地有3个：阿拉伯海-孟加拉湾地区、西太平洋、东亚大陆及临海。盆西型主要水汽源地也有3个：南海、孟加拉湾、中国东部及沿海;700 hPa上全盆移动型水汽源地有3个：阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾-南海、东海。盆西型主要水汽源地有2个：孟加拉湾和南海。     

Concentration of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rain,soil and ground water around Ismailia,Egypt

Residues of acenaphthylene, fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene were monitored in rain, soil and groundwater around Ismailia, in northeast Egypt. Residues detected in rain water in 1995 and 1996 were mainly of relatively low molecular weight. Both acenaphthylene and fluorene were detected in rain for the two consecutive years. Top soil has shown a wider spectrum and higher concentrations of (PAHs) than those detected in deep soil, rain and ground water. Only three compounds, acenaphthylene, fluorene and anthracene were detected in samples collected at 50 cm depth. While no traces of PAHs were detected at 1 m depth detectable concentrations of fluorene and anthracene were monitored in groundwater.     

单元包封密闭式填埋工艺在阿苏卫垃圾卫生填埋场的探索实践

针对传统垃圾填埋工艺存在分区作业时间长、填埋气引发臭气污染等问题,结合阿苏卫垃圾卫生填埋场实际情况,采用单元包封密闭式填埋工艺,利用旱季垃圾堤坝进行分区填埋操作、渗滤液导排盲沟作为填埋单元分隔、构建填埋气及渗滤液收集系统等技术措施,有效地实现了雨污分流. 实施单元包封密闭式填埋工艺后,2010年填埋场渗滤液产生总量减少了约76 000 t,比前4 a平均产生量减少了35%;填埋气收集量增加了12×106 m3,收集总量比前4 a平均值增加了139%;臭气排放指标达到GB 14554—1993《恶臭污染物排放标准》二级排放标准. 该工艺的实施可以使填埋场运行管理更加规范.      

闽西北邵武市酸雨分布特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用1992-2005年邵武市的探空、降水量和酸雨资料,分析了邵武市不同气象条件对降水酸度、酸雨出现率的影响,结果表明:(1)闽西北是福建省酸雨污染较严重的地区之一,相对于夏、秋二季,冬、春二季的降水酸度更强、酸雨出现率更高。(2)降水的量级对降水酸度、酸雨出现率有明显影响。(3)逆温层对酸雨有较大的影响,逆温特征越明显,降水pH值越低,酸雨出现概率越大。(4)1500 m高空风速、风向在一定程度上影响邵武市降水酸度和酸雨出现机率。(5)邵武市上空850 hPa~700 hPa高度层在暖平流控制下不仅降水酸度强且出现酸雨的机会大。相反,如果850hPa~700 hPa高度层在冷单流控制下不仅降水酸度弱且出现酸雨的机会小。     

北京城市道路地表径流及相关介质中多环芳烃的源解析

将道路地表径流及降雨、路面积尘和行道树树冠穿透水作为整体系统,对其中多环芳烃(PAHs)的来源进行分析.选择北京市3种主要类型城市道路(主干路机动车道、主干路自行车道、支路),于2006年雨季对上述4类介质进行采样分析.结果显示,5～6月各介质中PAHs的平均浓度明显高于7～8月.应用因子分析和多元回归方法解析各介质中PAHs的来源.因子分析结果表明,径流中的PAHs更多体现路面积尘的来源特征,但在自行车道和支路,雨水和树冠水的影响也分别得到体现.多元回归结果表明,路面积尘和地表径流中PAHs的来源.在支路和主干路机动车道以机动车排放源为主,在自行车道,机动车源和燃煤源的贡献相近.雨水中的PAHs以燃煤/燃油源为主,行道树树冠水中机动车源的贡献较大.     

Toxic mine drainage from Asia’s biggest copper mine at Malanjkhand,India

This paper has studied the environmental deterioration due to copper mining in Malanjkhand at Central-east India. No data is available on environmental degradation at the studied site although geological aspects are well studied. Mine drainage from the mines is definitively toxic. The site is also undergoing various stages of acid mine drainage (AMD) particularly from the heap leaching sites and the tailing area. AMD impacted water steam and sediment were also analysed. Results show substantial level of contamination of almost all segments of environment. Presence of elevated level of other heavy metal viz. Au, Ag, Pb, Cr, Cd, Fe, Cu and base metals like Na, K in AMD impacted water and sediments is due to metal leaching effect of AMD. Bio monitoring with the help of benthic macro invertebrates and metal accumulation in plants was also carried to know the impact of the toxic drainage. Results prove a very significant impact on the environmental health.     

Acid Deposition and Integrated Zoning Control in China

China's rapidly growing economy is coupled with the consumption of large amounts of coal. An energy mix dominated by coal and inefficient energy utilization processes have led to increasingly serious problems of acid rain and sulfur dioxide pollution. Moreover, trends in the emissions of acidifying air pollutants lead to predictions of a very serious acid deposition problem in the future. In the absence of mitigating actions, these trends foretell a future of increasingly detrimental impacts to ecosystems in China and, potentially, to ecosystems in neighboring countries. China has implemented a two control zone (TCZ) policy, resulting in the establishment of acid rain and sulfur dioxide control zones, in an attempt to implement a cost-effective approach to mitigating acid deposition problems. While some short-term successes have resulted from management actions associated with the TCZ policy, it is clear additional measures and new policy directions are needed to reverse worsening acid deposition problems in the long term. To this end the following recommendations are presented: adjusting the primary energy mix, placing a greater emphasis on abating the effects of acid deposition, concentrating pollution control on large point sources, implementing an emission permit system for coal-fired power plants, utilizing an integrated approach in designing and evaluating control measures, and developing a greater research capacity. Research strategies must be developed that will lead to: (1) an improved scientific understanding of the sources of acidifying pollutants, their associated migration patterns, and their impacts; and (2) an identification of cost-effective mitigating strategies for the entire country.