Acid Deposition and Integrated Zoning Control in China

China's rapidly growing economy is coupled with the consumption of large amounts of coal. An energy mix dominated by coal and inefficient energy utilization processes have led to increasingly serious problems of acid rain and sulfur dioxide pollution. Moreover, trends in the emissions of acidifying air pollutants lead to predictions of a very serious acid deposition problem in the future. In the absence of mitigating actions, these trends foretell a future of increasingly detrimental impacts to ecosystems in China and, potentially, to ecosystems in neighboring countries. China has implemented a two control zone (TCZ) policy, resulting in the establishment of acid rain and sulfur dioxide control zones, in an attempt to implement a cost-effective approach to mitigating acid deposition problems. While some short-term successes have resulted from management actions associated with the TCZ policy, it is clear additional measures and new policy directions are needed to reverse worsening acid deposition problems in the long term. To this end the following recommendations are presented: adjusting the primary energy mix, placing a greater emphasis on abating the effects of acid deposition, concentrating pollution control on large point sources, implementing an emission permit system for coal-fired power plants, utilizing an integrated approach in designing and evaluating control measures, and developing a greater research capacity. Research strategies must be developed that will lead to: (1) an improved scientific understanding of the sources of acidifying pollutants, their associated migration patterns, and their impacts; and (2) an identification of cost-effective mitigating strategies for the entire country.     

我国酸雨地区水体会酸化吗——重庆水体酸化的调查

调查结果表明:重庆地区已出现酸化水体,水体 pH 值可低至4.57,ANC 低至77.92μg/L。酸化原因主要与酸沉降、集水区土壤及植被等有关。重庆的水体酸碱度的分布规律大致与土壤酸碱度分布一致。海拔在500m 以下的水体 pH 值多在7～8之间,甚至大于8,且 ANC 和HCO_3~-都高,有较强的缓冲性。而海拔500m 以上的水体,pH 值小于7.0,缓冲能力弱,在长期的酸沉降影响下,由于其集水区土壤缺乏缓冲能力,最终水体将面临进一步酸化。     

PERIVITELLINE pH OF SALMONIDE EGGS IN RELATION TO AMBIENT pH1

ABSTRACT: Eggs from salmon and brown trout were reared at 6 pH levels in the pH range 4.1–7.5. By micropuncture, the pH of the perivitelline fluid (PVF) was measured at different stages of development with an antimony microelectrode system. The pH of the PVF falls with decreased pH of the ambient media, although no point of equilibrium was found at the lower pH levels. When eggs were reared at pH levels 4.1–4.7, the pH of the PVF in salmon eggs was 0.4 units above the ambient media, while that in trout eggs was 1.0 pH units above. Decreased pH of the PVF during the later, actively ion accumulation, embryonic stages will subject the embryos to ion regulating stresses similar to those registered for adult fishes.     

PREDICTING BASEFLOW ALKALINITY AS AN INDEX TO EPISODIC STREAM ACIDIFICATION AND FISH PRESENCE1

ABSTRACT: Regression models to predict baseflow alkalinity from basin hydrogeology were developed and verified for headwater streams on the Laurel Hill anticline in southwestern Pennsylvania. Predicted baseflow alkalinities were then used to estimate sensitivity to acidification and presence of trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations for 61 headwater streams. Sensitivity classifications were verified by surveying trout populations. Geologic variables relating to the carbonate rock burial depth, extent of carbonate rock recharge areas, and length of stream channel flowing through effluent carbonate rock outcrops were much more useful in predicting baseflow alkalinity than areal extent of carbonate rocks. Baseflow alkalinity was not well related to status of trout populations on these anticlinal basins, especially on noneffluent basins where bedrock dip exceeded surface slope.     

State-of-the-art science and environmental assessments: the case of acid deposition

Scientific quality in a technical policy document is defined in terms of the proportion of contemporary scientific principles on a subject that the document competently discusses. As a case study of the scientific quality of such documents, this articles examines the treatment of acid deposition effects in 126 environmental impact statements on fossil-fuel power plants. On average, the relevant environmental statements cover only a quarter of the eligible scientific principles. Bureaucratic and political factors influence the quality of discussion of acid deposition more than do strictly objective or scientific factors. In particular, public participation and interagency review processes foster relatively thorough consideration of scientific information in environmental impact statements.     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性与胞内Ca2+浓度的影响

在水培条件下研究了模拟酸雨(pH=2.5～5.5)对水稻叶片胞内Ca2+浓度和质膜H+-ATPase活性的影响.结果表明:与对照组(CK)相比,酸雨处理5 d(胁迫期)后,pH=5.5和5.0处理组的水稻叶片胞内H+浓度、质膜H+-ATPase活性、胞内Ca2+浓度、质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性无显著变化;pH=4.0和3.5处理组各指标显著升高,且H+-ATPase活性随Ca2+浓度升高而上升;pH=3.0和2.5处理组各指标显著降低,此时胞内Ca2+缺失,对H+-ATPase活性的调节作用受到限制.经正常条件培养5 d(恢复期)后,pH=4.0和3.5处理组各指标均恢复至CK的处理水平,表明H+-ATPase活性受到Ca2+调控已恢复到正常;pH=3.0和2.5处理组的Ca2+浓度高于CK及胁迫期,H+-ATPase活性低于CK但高于胁迫期,表明H+-ATPase活性受Ca2+调控得到部分恢复.因此,酸雨胁迫下胞内Ca2+对质膜H+-ATPase活性有一定调节作用,且受酸雨强度的制约.     

近地面气象要素对金沙降水pH值的影响

通过对金沙大气本底站2012年全年140场有效降水的酸雨观测资料和地面气象要素资料进行了分析。结果表明:降水量对降水pH值、强酸性酸雨出现率有着显著影响;风速在4~9月份与降水pH值的变化趋势接近,即降水的pH值随风速的增大而升高;大气压强变化趋势与pH值变化相反,呈负相关;湿度与降水pH值相关性较差,这与金沙地理位置有关;温度与降水pH值呈较好的正相关,特别是4~10月随温度的升高pH值降低。pH值与降水量、温度及大气压强关联,其相关系数依次为0.355、0.406和-0.446。最后本章对各气象因子进行逐步回归分析,得出pH值与各气象因子的回归方程。     

2012年丰都县酸雨特征及其相关分析

根据2012年丰都县降水监测资料,对该地区的酸雨状况进行研究。结果表明,丰都县酸雨污染状况较重,各月的酸雨频率均在90％以上,降雨酸性的季节变化明显,冬季较夏季高。降雨成分中以SO2-4为主要阴离子,仍为硫酸型酸雨。相关矩阵分析表明,SO^2-4、NO3^-、F^-相关性较好。     

工业污染源对大连地区酸雨形成的影响研究

为了研究局地污染源对大连地区酸雨形成的影响,在市区及县级市布设监测点对酸雨进行监测,并获取酸雨点位附近局地污染源的酸性污染物排放量,应用地理信息系统的空间叠加分析功能,分析局地源对大连地区酸雨点位分布和频率变化的影响.结果表明：部分距离大污染源较近的点位受局地源影响较明显,但市区酸雨频率高低与局地源二氧化硫排放量变化趋势并不完全一致,说明大连地区酸雨的形成除了受本地源的影响外,还应存在其它更复杂的影响因素.     

餐厨垃圾发酵制备生物燃料丁醇的研究

餐厨垃圾含丰富有机质,是潜在的廉价优质生物质资源;丁醇是继乙醇后的一种极具潜力的新型生物燃料。探索了以餐厨垃圾糖化液为原料,通过微生物发酵制取生物燃料丁醇。首先从实验室现有5株产丁醇梭菌中,优选出Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052作为丁醇生产菌,并考察在未添加任何营养物质,且不调节pH的条件下(简称非调控状态),以糖化液作为底物进行丁醇发酵的可行性。结果表明:非调控状态发酵的丁醇产量仅为5.96 g/L,并产生"酸崩"抑制;添加0.3%(w/V)Ca CO_3提高了糖化液pH缓冲能力,可解决"酸崩"问题,并将丁醇产量、总溶剂产量及丁醇生产速率分别提高了57.8%、53.1%和90.6%。这证明餐厨垃圾做为原料用于燃料丁醇生产是完全可行的。