Long-term nitrate increases in two oligotrophic lakes, due to the leaching of atmospherically-deposited N from moorland ranker soils

During the last 50 years nitrate concentrations in Buttermere and Wastwater (Cumbria, UK) have risen significantly, by 70 and 100%, respectively. By estimating contemporary nitrate fluxes in the lakes' catchments and in sub-catchments and comparing them with the fractional areas of different soil types, it is deduced that the surface water nitrate is derived almost entirely from organic-rich ranker soils that have a limited ability to retain atmospherically-deposited nitrogen. Little or no nitrate leaches from the other major soil type, a brown podzol, despite it having a lower C:N ratio (12.0 g g(-1)) than the ranker (17.0 g g(-1)), nor is there much contribution from the small areas of improved (chemically fertilised) grassland within the catchments. Although some nitrate leaching is occurring, total N losses are appreciably smaller than atmospheric inputs, so the catchment soils are currently accumulating between 3 and 4 g N m(-2) a(-1).     

Plant uptake of trace elements on a Swiss military shooting range: uptake pathways and land management implications

Over 400tons of Pb enters Swiss soils annually at some 2000 military shooting ranges (MSRs). We measured elements in the leaves of 10 plant species and associated rhizospheric soil on the stop butt of a disused MSR. The geometric mean concentrations of Pb, Sb, Cu, Ni in rhizospheric soils were 10,171mg/kg, 5067mg/kg, 4125mg/kg and 917mg/kg. Some species contained Pb, Cu and Ni, above concentrations (30mg/kg, 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg) shown to be toxic to livestock. Most contaminants in leaves resulted from surface deposition. However, at soil Pb concentrations >60,000mg/kg, Equisetum arvense and Tussilago farfara took up >1000mg/kg Pb into the leaves. These plants are not hyperaccumulators, having <100mg/kg Pb in leaves at lower soil concentrations. Removal of soil with more than 30,000 Pb, from which one could smelt this metal to offset remediation costs, followed by revegetation, would minimise dust and hence leaf-borne contaminants.     

Atmospheric transport of urban-derived NH(x): Evidence from nitrogen concentration and delta(15)N in epilithic mosses at Guiyang, SW China

Nitrogen concentration and δ¹⁵N in 175 epilithic moss samples were investigated along four directions from urban to rural sites in Guiyang, SW China. The spatial variations of moss N concentration and δ¹⁵N revealed that atmospheric N deposition is dominated by NH_x-N from two major sources (urban sewage NH₃ and agricultural NH₃), the deposition of urban-derived NH_x followed a point source pattern characterized by an exponential decline with distance from the urban center, while the agricultural-derived NH_x was shown to be a non-point source. The relationship between moss N concentration and distance (y = 1.5e^−0.13x + 1.26) indicated that the maximum transporting distance of urban-derived NH_x averaged 41 km from the urban center, and it could be determined from the relationship between moss δ¹⁵N and distance [y = 2.54 ln(x) − 12.227] that urban-derived NH_x was proportionally lower than agricultural-derived NH_x in N deposition at sites beyond 17.2 km from the urban center. Consequently, the variation of urban-derived NH_x with distance from the urban center could be modeled as y = 56.272e^−0.116x − 0.481 in the Guiyang area.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘春季降尘量和粒度特征

根据腾格里沙漠东南缘风沙科学观测场实测的降尘资料,对该地区春季(3~5月)降尘量和降尘粒度特征进行了研究.结果表明:该地区5月的降尘量最大,其次为4月和3月.春季降尘量的平均值为1053.3kg/hm2.研究区降尘平均粒径较粗,以沙物质为主.分选性较差至很好.偏度近对称至极正偏.峰度中等至很窄.受风速、地表粗糙度和沙源的影响,降尘粒级分布既有单峰,又有双峰和三峰,主要以双峰为主,同时,所有粒径中跃移颗粒约占90%,近距离输送的悬移颗粒占7%左右,而远距离输送的悬移颗粒仅占不到4%.因此可以认为,该地区跃移颗粒的跳跃高度高于前人的研究结果.同时,在腾格里沙漠东南缘的沙漠地区,大气降尘主要以局地的沙粒为主,远源沙尘贡献并不多.     

H2O2湿式氧化处理含酸性红B染料模拟废水的研究

用H2 O2 作氧化剂 ,在连续式的压力反应器内探索了WPO(过氧化氢湿式氧化法 )、CWPO(催化过氧化氢湿式氧化法 )氧化降解含酸性红B染料模拟废水的过程 ,分别考察温度、压力、氧化剂量及催化剂对反应过程与对象污染物降解的影响规律 .结果表明 ,与常规湿式氧化法相比 ,WPO能在较低的温度和压力下降解结构稳定的有机物 ,在 2 2 0℃、8min、0 1MPa时 ,含1 5 0 0mg·L-1 酸性红B染料模拟废水的COD和色度的去除率分别达到 6 0 5 0 %和 96 80 % .同时发现 ,通过升温和增加过氧化氢的投加量不能够使废水COD和色度的去除率进一步提高 ,故引入Cu2 作催化剂来实现CWPO过程 ,在 2 2 0℃、8min、0 1MPa条件下 ,CWPO对同一废水的COD和色度的去除率分别达到 82 5 0 %和 99 71 % .通过计算得出CWPO与WPO相比基于COD的表观活化能降低了 6 5 93 % .     

西北某电子垃圾拆解厂室内外重金属污染特征及暴露风险

本研究利用ICP-OES对西北干旱区某规模化电子垃圾拆解厂拆解车间内外空气不同粒径的颗粒物(PM_1. 0、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))及上风向对照点PM_(2.5)中的6种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)的浓度进行了分析测定,基于该数据对拆解车间内外颗粒物中重金属污染浓度水平、粒径分布特征、职业暴露风险以及呼吸系统沉积特征进行了研究.结果表明,拆解车间内外颗粒物中重金属Zn(室内4 890 ng·m~(-3),室外1 245 ng·m~(-3))、Pb(室内1 201 ng·m~(-3),室外240 ng·m~(-3))、Cu(室内1 200ng·m~(-3),室外110 ng·m~(-3))均表现出较高的污染水平,且室内浓度远高于室外数倍,表明拆解活动是造成室内空气较高浓度重金属的主要原因,室内外空气环境污染特征与电子垃圾拆解种类密切相关.粒径分布特征为:车间内空气环境中重金属主要吸附于PM_(2.5)中,车间外主要是赋存于PM_(10)中.职业暴露风险评估显示:Cr的非致癌与致癌风险最高;拆解厂车间室内外6种重金属总非致癌危害指数为1. 62×10~(-3)和3. 60×10~(-4),远低于U. S. EPA规定的限定值(1. 0);车间室内外致癌总风险值为2. 69×10~(-7)和2. 59×10~(-9),小于可接受范围(1×10~(-6)),表明由重金属所导致的职业健康风险相对较小;评估结果表明按国家环保要求规模化建厂的电子垃圾拆解厂空气环境颗粒物中重金属对公共健康造成的风险处于相对安全的水平.颗粒态重金属在人体呼吸系统的不同器官的沉积特征表现为粒径越小,在呼吸系统的深处的沉积百分占比越大,建议企业应针对细颗粒物给职业工人造成的呼吸健康风险采取相应的减排对策.     

催化湿式氧化法处理高浓度有机废水的动力学模型

在２７０℃、８．８ＭＰａ条件下用催化湿式氧化法试验处理高浓度工业有机废水,反应时间１０￣１５ｍｉｎ时,废水中ＴＯＣ浓度可由１７９００ｍｇ／Ｌ降至１００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。针对这一多相催化氧化反应过程,以ＴＯＣ为目标污染和,研究建立了涉及液、气、固三相的反应动力学模型。反应时间、瓜器ＴＯＣ浓度、反应压力和反应温度等主要因素对反应器净化ＴＯＣ性能影响的试验表明,该模型计算值与实验值有很好的相关性（相关系数Ｒ     

充分利用水泥工艺特点多途径综合利用工业废渣

主要结合水泥工艺的特点 ,阐述了以矿渣代替优质水泥熟料作为非熟料晶种 ,以硫磷渣代替天然二水石膏作为矿化剂及缓凝剂 ,以湿排粉煤灰、煤矸石和煤渣作为水泥混合材 ,可生产出符合国标 175 - 92规定的 4 2 5 #普通硅酸盐水泥 ,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益     

福建省泉州湾大气降尘中的重金属元素的沉降特征

2004年7月-2005年7月分季度对泉州湾大气降尘样品进行采集.利用ICP-AES对降尘中重金属元素含量进行了测定并利用ICP-MS对样品中Pb同位素组成进行了分析.通过对不同重金属元素的年沉降通量的计算及与国内外其他研究区的对比发现,泉州地区大气降尘已经受到一定程度的重金属污染,但与国内经济发达地区相比空气质量相对较好.Pb同位素研究表明,人们的生产活动可能是大气沉降中Pb污染的主要来源.富集因子的计算表明,Cd,Pb,Zn,Cr,Cu和Ni明显受到人为活动的影响.人们的生产活动、化石燃料的燃烧、污染土壤风化过程等可能是大气降尘中重金属的主要来源.      

基于不同空气质量模型的二噁英沉降效果研究

为评估不同空气质量模型（AERMOD、ADMS和CALPUFF）在复杂地形-气象场条件下的干湿沉降模拟效果,利用上述模型模拟我国西南某代表性山地的医废、垃圾焚烧项目的二噁英环境影响,并通过土壤实测数据进行模型分析验证.结果表明：AERMOD、ADMS和CALPUFF模拟的空气中年均浓度依次为1.53×10^-8~4.14×10^-6,5.23×10^-9~3.28×10^-6和2.66×10^-9~2.59×10^-7ngTEQ/m³;AER MOD、ADMS和CALPUFF模拟的固定点位总沉降量依次为4.41~285.72,3.07~268.02和0.02~1.35ngTEQ/m².在扩散、沉降形态上,CALPUFF的模拟结果与其他两种模型均表现出较大差异,AERMOD和ADMS的沉降形态相似,空气中的扩散形态却存在差异.利用土壤监测值验证模型效果发现,AERMOD、ADMS和CALPUFF的相关系数r分别为0.66、0.70和0.83,CALPUFF的模拟结果在空间分布上表现更为优越,可作为相关项目的布点指导模型.