Wet deposition chemistry studies at Suva, Fiji, a remote tropical island site in the south Pacific

A field project encompassing wet-only rainwater sampling was initiated as a bilateral Fiji/Australia activity. Normally, biweekly samples were collected, using a wet-only rainwater sampler, and analysed for H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Cl^–, NO₃ ^–, SO₄ ^2–, PO₄ ^3-, methane sulphonic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid and acetic acid. The pH of the rainwater ranged between 5.730 and 4.480 with an average value of 5.176, slightly lower than the pH of unpolluted rainwater saturated with atmospheric CO₂(pH = 5.650). Na⁺and Cl^–were the major ions with average concentrations of 98.15 M and 109.57 M respectively. There is an excellent correlation between the cation sum (average 147.71 eq L^-1) and the anion sum (average 142.12 eq L^-1) attesting to the quality of the data generated. This paper presents the detailed results of the study for a relatively clean remote island site in Suva, Fiji, latitude 18° 09 S, longitude 178° 27 E, height 6 m, and outlines prospects for further work.     

稀土湿法冶炼废水处理与资源回收研究

对某稀土湿法冶炼工艺进行了以清洁生产为核心的技改方案研究。在清洁工艺设计的基础上,通过工艺原理分析和试验,说明其革新工艺的经济有效性;从酸浸废液中年回收硫酸亚铁3000 t;从碱转废液中年回收硫酸钠3000 t;从废水中回收冰晶石,氟回收率86%;生产废水排放量削减58%;废水泥量削减90%;直接经济效益年150万元以上;排水中F-和含盐量均可达到排放标准要求。     

水泥立窑湿法收尘技术研究的新进展

水泥立窑烟气由于其工况波动大、高温、高湿和高粘性等特点,处理起来难度较大。普通的喷雾技术不能确保达标排放。针对目前徐州地区及全国处理立窑粉尘的现状,有针对性地研究了惯性除尘及文丘里、水浴和塔技术。经过初步实践,某水泥立窑粉尘经三级处理后,排放的粉尘浓度低于150mg／m^3,除尘效率达到98％以上,基本达到环保排放标准;无二次污染,该系统处理排放出的泥浆全部回收用于生产,系统用水可循环使用。为水泥立窑粉尘的治理及研究提供了借鉴。     

Mercury budget estimates for the State of New York

The development of two comprehensive modelling systems and a test application to estimate the mercury budget for the State of New York is discussed in the present study. The modelling tools developed are based on two well known meteorological modelling systems namely, RAMS and SKIRON/Eta. Both models have been modified and the developed modules describing the physico-chemical processes of mercury have been incorporated in each modelling system. Model calculations and measurements have been compared during the 14 to 26 August 1997 simulation period. Two different simulations were performed, scenario1 where all available sources of mercury were used and scenario2 where the New York State mercury sources were excluded. An attempt was made to identify and quantify critical gaps in the current understanding of regional scale transport deposition and fate of mercury in New York State, improving modelling capabilities and understanding of mercury as an air pollutant, and provide a tool for policy makers in mitigating the impacts of mercury pollution.     

天津芦苇湿地影响碳储量关键参数的模拟优化

采用室内模拟试验的方法,研究了水位、氮沉降、电导率等单因素对土壤呼吸的影响,以及三因素对土壤碳储量交互影响的响应面优化,并得到了土壤碳储量最大的最优方案。结果表明:对于单因素试验而言,过高或过低的水位及氮沉降梯度均会对土壤呼吸造成不利影响,而电导率的增加对土壤呼吸呈显著抑制作用,当水位、氮沉降、电导率分别为-9 cm、20 g/m2、0.3 d S/m时,土壤90 d累积呼吸总量最大,分别为84.95μmol/(m2·s)、92.88μmol/(m2·s)和85.70μmol/(m2·s);响应面优化分析中,北大港芦苇湿地碳储量的最优方案为水位-5.49 cm,电导率3.52 ds/m,氮沉降13.40 g/m2,在此条件下预测的理论碳储量最大值为8.62 g/kg。该优化方案可为天津滨海湿地资源的合理开发利用及湿地保育政策的制定等提供参考。     

珠江三角洲地区冬季硫、氮干沉降的来源解析

采用WRF-CMAQ模式对珠江三角洲地区2015年1月进行数值模拟,结合CMAQ的集成源解析方法ISAM对S、N及其干沉降的来源贡献进行分析.结果表明：珠江三角洲地区S、N干沉降量高值主要分布在广佛交界处以及珠江口附近,其逐日变化趋势主要受质量浓度变化影响,但在部分时间段受干沉降速率的影响亦相当显著.珠江三角洲区域内排放源对于S干沉降的平均贡献占比为36.2%,与其质量浓度区域内贡献占比相当,SO₂干沉降速率增加以及背景风场变弱会使区域内贡献占比增加;区域内源对于N干沉降的平均贡献占比为32.4%,远小于其质量浓度区域内贡献占比,当NO₂质量浓度减少,使得HNO₃的质量浓度和干沉降量减少时,区域内贡献占比增加.对于珠江三角洲典型城市,广州S干沉降的本地贡献为27.7%,N为14.2%;江门S干沉降的本地贡献为9.6%,N为8.8%.2个城市对比而言,广州受本地的影响较江门显著,江门受其上风方向广州和佛山两市输送的影响显著,但当背景风场减弱时,江门本地贡献会有明显增加.     

氮沉降与生物炭对土壤可溶性有机质的影响

利用盆栽实验,探讨氮沉降与生物炭（BC）施用对杉木幼苗土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量和可溶性有机质（DOM）光谱学特征的短期影响.氮沉降处理为0（对照）、40（低氮）和80kgN/（hm²·a）（高氮）,在不同氮沉降下BC施用水平分别为0（对照）、12（低量BC）和36t/hm²（高量BC）.结果表明：相比对照处理,单独低氮与单独高氮处理3个月后土壤pH值分别下降了0.06和0.09（P<0.05）,但单独施用BC和氮沉降背景下施用BC处理的土壤pH值均呈上升趋势,增加了0.32~0.94（P<0.05）.与对照处理相比,单独低氮处理的土壤DOC含量显著降低,单独高氮处理的则显著升高且DOM结构趋于简单;单独施用BC和氮沉降背景下施用BC处理中,低量BC处理的土壤DOC含量无明显变化,但高量BC处理的显著提高了30.1%~95.6%,并且DOM结构趋于复杂.冗余分析发现,土壤pH值是导致不同处理DOM存在差异的关键因素.因此,氮沉降背景下施用高量BC短期内可以减缓土壤酸化,提高土壤DOC含量并使DOM更加稳定.     

Ag-AgIO3改性BiOI光催化剂湿法脱除气态单质汞

采用沉积沉淀-光还原法制备了不同AgIO₃含量的BiOI光催化剂,利用X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱和电子自旋共振对其物理化学结构进行表征,在光催化反应器上研究了AgIO₃负载量、光照、溶液温度、pH值、SO₂和NO对气态单质汞（Hg⁰）去除性能的影响.结果表明,与BiOI相比,Ag-AgIO₃改性后光催化剂的脱汞性能大幅提高.当AgIO₃负载量为4wt.%时,光催化剂的脱汞效率高达98%.与NO相比,SO₂对脱汞性能的抑制作用更大.由于Ag和AgIO₃在BiOI表面的高度分散性,Ag-AgIO₃（4%） BiOI的可见光吸收性能明显提高.荧光灯辐照与Ag-AgIO₃/BiOI光催化剂协同会产生大量的活性物种.在Ag-AgIO₃/BiOI光催化剂的高效脱汞体系中,超氧阴离子自由基（·O₂^-）为最主要的活性物质,而空穴（h⁺）和羟基自由基（·OH）次之.     

Characterization of Fe5(AsO3)3Cl2(OH)4·5H2O, a new ferric arsenite hydroxychloride precipitated from FeCl3–As2O3–HCl solutions relevant to arsenic immobilization

Tooeleite(Fe6(As03)4 SO4(OH)4·4 H_2 O) is widely precipitated for direct As(III) removal from sulfate-rich industrial effluents.However,whether or not Fe(III)-As(III)-Cl(-I) precipitate is produced in chloridizing leaching media for As immobilization is almost unknown.This work founded the existence of ferric arsenite(hydroxy)chloride as a new mineral for As(III)removal.Its chemical composition and solid characterization were subsequently studied by using scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectrometer(SEM-EDS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),infrared(FT-IR),Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric(TG)curve.The results showed the formation of a yellow precipitate after 3-days reaction of Fe(III)/As(III) with molar ratio≈1.7 in chloride solution at pH 2.3 neutralized with NaOH.Compared with tooeleite,chemical analysis and solid characterization indicated that Cl(-I)replaces S04(-II) producing ferric arsenite hydroxychloride with formula Fe5(As03)_3-Cl_2(OH)4·5 H_2 O.This new plate shaped solid showed better crytallinity than tooeleite,although it has similar morphology and characteristic bands to tooeleite.The FT-IR bands at 628,964 cm-1 and the Raman bands at 448,610,961 cm-1 were assigned to Fe-O or As(Ⅲ)-O-Fe or As(Ⅲ)-O bending/stretching vibration,indicating that both arsenite and chloride substituted for the position of sulfate for ferric arsenite hydro xychloride produced due to the lack of the SO_4~(2-) vibrations.Cl-(I) also contributed to increase As removal efficiency in aqueous sulfate media under acidic pH conditions via the probable formation of sulfatechloride ferric arsenite.     

2009-2018年太湖大气湿沉降氮磷特征对比研究

为了研究太湖2009-2018年大气湿沉降的时空变化特征,于2009年8月-2010年7月及2017年8月-2018年7月进行了两次环太湖大气湿沉降逐月调查,并从降水中ρ（TN）和ρ（TP）、湿沉降率及沉降通量三方面,对比分析了太湖大气湿沉降的时空变化特征.结果表明:①2009年8月-2010年7月降水中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）平均值分别为3.170、0.077 mg/L;2017年8月-2018年7月降水中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）平均值分别为3.160、0.056 mg/L;T检验结果表明,两次调查ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）污染水平差异显著,主要是由于2017年8月-2018年7月较高污染浓度降水事件的减少,全年降水中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）变异较小.②与2017年8月-2018年7月相比,2009年8月-2010年7月太湖TN、TP湿沉降率平均值分别下降33%和53%,且TN、TP湿沉降空间分布更均匀.③与2009年8月-2010年7月相比,2017年8月-2018年7月太湖流域大气TN、TP沉降通量分别为7 641和131 t,分别下降30%、47%.研究显示,两次调查降水中ρ（TN）平均值均远高于水体富营养化阈值（0.2 mg/L）,因此大气湿沉降中的营养盐对太湖富营养化的贡献不可忽视.