Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emission from Hungarian forest soils; linked with atmospheric N-deposition

Studies of forest nitrogen (N) budgets generally measure inputs from the atmosphere in wet and dry deposition and outputs via hydrologic export. Although denitrification has been shown to be important in many wetland ecosystems, emission of N oxides from forest soils is an important, and often overlooked, component of an ecosystem N budget. During 1 year (2002–03), emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) were measured from Sessile oak and Norway spruce forest soils in northeast Hungary. Accumulation in small static chambers followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection was used for the estimation of N₂O emission flux. Because there are rapid chemical reactions of NO and ozone, small dynamic chambers were used for in situ NO flux measurements. Average soil emissions of NO were 1.2 and 2.1 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, and for N₂O were 15 and 20 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, for spruce and oak soils, respectively. Due to the relatively high soil water content, and low C/N ratio in soil, denitrification processes dominate, resulting in an order of magnitude greater N₂O emission rate compared to NO. The previously determined N balance between the atmosphere and the forest ecosystem was re-calculated using these soil emission figures. The total (dry+wet) atmospheric N-deposition to the soil was 1.42 and 1.59 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ for spruce and oak, respectively, while the soil emissions are 0.14 and 0.20 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹. Thus, about 10–13% of N compounds deposited to the soil, mostly as and , were transformed in the soil and emitted back to the atmosphere, mostly as greenhouse gas (N₂O).     

长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物分布特征

根据长江口和杭州湾北部沉积物粒度分析数据，研究表层沉积物类型、分布以及分区特征。结果表明：沉积物的分布特征受水动力条件、地貌类型以及泥沙来源等因素的综合影响，长江口表层沉积物在纵向分布上，自西向东粒径从粗到细、分选程度从好至差，在横向上自北港－北槽－南槽，沉积物粒度逐渐变细；水流动力作用强的河槽和波浪作用强的口门浅滩沉积物粒度较粗，水动力较弱的河口边滩及口外海滨区沉积物则较细。根据沉积物分布特征可将长江口及其邻近海域分为河口分汊河段沉积区、河口拦门沙沉积区、口外海滨沉积区和杭州湾北部沉积区等4个沉积区。     

A Comparison of the Precipitation Chemistry Measurements Obtained by the CAPMoN and NADP/NTN Networks

Precipitation chemistry measurementsobtained by the Canadian Air and PrecipitationMonitoring Network (CAPMoN) and the U.S. NationalAtmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network(NADP/NTN) have been examined using more than 7 yrof collocated data from two sites, namely, Sutton,Quebec, Canada and State College, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.In the case of the CAPMoN data, weeklyprecipitation-weighted mean concentrations, totalsample depths and total standard gauge depths werecomputed from daily data and compared to thecorresponding weekly sampling data of the NADP/NTNnetwork. Seasonal and annual precipitation-weightedmean concentrations and deposition values were alsocomputed for both networks and compared. Statisticallysignificant between-network biases were found to existin the weekly results for most of the measuredvariables, particularly standard gauge depth, sampledepth, pH, H⁺, NO₃ ^-,NH₄ ⁺,Na⁺; the NADP/NTN values were consistently lowerthan those of CAPMoN with the exception of pH andNa⁺. The magnitude of the biases was less than35% of the median CAPMoN weekly value for the 7 yr. For most of the measured parameters, thevariability of the between-network differencesrepresented less than 20% of the median CAPMoN weeklyvalue. Both the between-network biases andvariabilities were functions of several physicalparameters, the most dominant being the sample depthand the ionic concentration. For seasonal and annualdeposition values, statistically significantbetween-network biases were found for H⁺,SO₄ ^2-, NO₃ ^-,Ca²⁺,NH₄ ⁺ for both periods; for Mg²⁺ andK⁺ for seasonal data; and Cl^- for yearlydata, with the NADP/NTN deposition values being lowerthan those of CAPMoN. The relative biases ranged from7 to 37%. Part of the between-network bias in thedeposition estimates was directly attributable to astrong bias in the standard gauge depths of the two networks.     

梅家洲形成、演化及其对鄱阳湖的影响

根据鄱阳湖口梅家洲东南缘钻孔 (ZK2 )沉积物环境指标特征 ,结合历史资料对梅家洲的形成与发展及其在历史时期对鄱阳湖的影响进行了探讨。随着古长江不断南迁 ,在长江与古赣江的共同作用下 ,2 .3kaBP前后 ,在长江南岸湖口地区形成天然堤 ,即梅家洲。它的出现对古赣江来水产生阻水 ,导致了鄱阳湖形成并向南扩张。对比 1970年和 1980年湖口地区水下地形图 ,发现梅家洲仍在不断加积 ,其对鄱阳湖的阻水作用更加明显 ,将引起鄱阳湖湖区沉积环境的改变 ,给鄱阳湖带来生态环境等多方面的影响。     

川东北地区元素大气沉降通量及其季节变化

从2011年8月~2012年7月在川东北地区共收集12个月的大气沉降样品.采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析了样品在弱酸性环境下(pH值在2左右)溶解态组分中Na、Mg、Ca、K、Si、Sr、Ba、Zn等元素的含量,计算了这些元素的沉降通量.结果表明:①各元素的沉降通量存在显著的季节变化.Na的沉降通量随着降水增加而显著增加,显示它主要以大气湿沉降为主;Ca、Si、Ba、Sr、Mg的沉降通量在冬季或春季显著上升,显示这些元素的沉降可能主要与大气粉尘活动有关.②不同的元素之间年沉降通量存在显著差异,Na的沉降通量最大,达到30 497μg·(102cm2·a)-1,比最小的Ba沉降通量[27.4μg·(102cm2·a)-1]高出3个数量级.     

降雨对不同粒径气溶胶粒子碰撞清除能力

利用与惯性碰撞紧密相关的斯托克斯数Stk计算公式,结合海淀宝联大气成分站和海淀自动观测站2012年10月~2014年10月两年实测的逐时PM_(2.5)浓度数据和对应时刻的气象要素数据,并挑选典型降水过程分析降水对不同粒径气溶胶的碰撞清除作用.惯性碰撞是降水对气溶胶的最主要清除方式,斯托克斯数Stk的计算结果显示,降水对粒径小于2μm的气溶胶的直接碰撞清除作用很小,对粒径大于2μm的粗粒子的清除作用相对较大;实际观测数据统计分析表明,PM_(2.5)浓度明显减少的降水过程及降水时次很少,而43.2%的降水时次PM_(2.5)浓度有所升高;通过对典型降水过程气溶胶粒径分布数据分析表明,降水对爱根核模态(0.1μm)和粗模态气溶胶(1.0μm)有明显的清除作用,但对积聚模态清除作用不明显,由于PM_(2.5)的质量浓度主要分布在积聚模态,因此,降水对环境中PM_(2.5)的碰撞清除作用很弱.     

离子镀铝与离子液体电镀铝涂层性能对比研究

目的对比研究离子镀铝和离子液体电镀铝两种涂层的性能。方法针对高强度钢表面环保表面处理的需求,对比研究300M钢表面离子镀铝和离子液体电镀铝两种涂层,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)等对两种涂层的表面、断面微观形貌和成分进行表征;采用原子力显微镜(AFM)对两种涂层表面三维形貌和粗糙度进行观察和测量;采用电偶腐蚀测试两种涂层与铝合金的电偶腐蚀性能;采用缺口试样拉伸方法检测两种涂层对300M钢基体氢脆性能的影响;采用5%Na Cl人工海水周浸试验的方法检测两种涂层的耐蚀性能,与电镀镉钛镀层进行对比,采用电化学方法对涂层试验前后的阻抗谱特性进行检测分析。结果两种涂层表面形貌存在较大差异,离子镀铝经过致密化处理后,表面为均匀的圆饼状形貌,致密度很高,粗糙度约为0.88μm,而离子液体电镀铝涂层表面则为圆顶状的凸起物组成,没有明显的孔洞缺陷,粗糙度约为0.71μm;电偶腐蚀测试显示,两种涂层都能够与铝合金相容连接;缺口试样的拉伸试验结果显示,两种涂层的对基体的氢脆性能没有影响;腐蚀试验结果显示,两种涂层对于300M钢基体都具有良好的保护效果,与传统的电镀镉钛相当,具备了未来替代镉类镀层的潜质。结论两种涂层均匀致密,没有明显的气孔、裂纹等缺陷,电偶腐蚀性能优异,对300M钢基体都不会产生氢脆隐患,耐蚀性能优异。     

缙云山常绿阔叶林湿沉降过程中不同空间层次水质变化特征

为全面调查森林生态系统各层次降水水质状况以及对降水中各离子的截留特征,于2013年9月至2014年8月对重庆市缙云山常绿阔叶林大气降雨、林内降雨、地表枯透水、土壤渗滤液进行了持续1a的水质效应研究.结果表明,缙云山大气降雨偏酸性(pH=4.75);土壤层和林冠层均能调升降雨的pH值,其中土壤层对pH值的调升幅度最大,其次为森林林冠层.森林林冠层对NO_3~-、Na~+有一定的吸附净化作用,降雨能够淋溶森林林冠层的NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、PO_4~(3-)、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)和K~+.另外,枯枝落叶的降解导致构成植物组织的有机物降解为无机物,进而促使各离子质量浓度在地表枯透水中增加.森林土壤中的官能团以及胶体能够吸附并中和渗滤液中的NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、PO_4~(3-)、K~+和Mg~(2+),同时长期处于酸性条件下的土壤层也释放出部分Na~+、PO_4~(3-)和Ca~(2+).该森林生态系统对大气降水中各离子具有较强的截留作用,但各层次对降水中的各离子表现出的截留特征不尽相同,其中以林冠层的截留作用最强.     

大气干湿沉降对城市景观水体水质影响的评价

选择上海城市化地区的绿地、水体、道路、工地及空中5个类型的环境区域,定期收集大气干湿沉降。测定其大气沉降通量及CODCr、TN、TP的沉降量,并计算分析了其对城市景观水体水质的影响。研究结果表明：在仅受大气干湿沉降影响的条件下,水质处于地表水V类中值、水深为0.5m、1.0m、1.5m和2.0m的城市景观水体,经过28d、54d、83d和214d即可转变为劣V类水体。通过实例分析,提出了应对大气干湿沉降影响的水质保持措施。研究成果为城市景观水体的水质保育提供了评价依据与借鉴。