区域氮干沉降分布特征的数值模拟

氮沉降对全球尺度的粮食生产、碳氮循环及大气环境质量均具有重要影响.本研究采用WRF-Chem模式对区域氮沉降过程进行数值 模拟,着重分析氮干沉降的时空分布特征.结果表明：在空间场上,我国氮干沉降主要体现出东高西低的特点,华北平原和川渝地区为氮沉降高值区,这主要与排放高值区的空间分布有关,NH₃和HNO₃ 沉降量都是在东部最大,这与东部一直以来较高的经济增长速度和农业活动水平有直接联系.从氮的不同组分形式（气态/颗粒态氮或者氧化性/还原性氮）来看,气态氮较颗粒态氮对总氮沉降的贡献更大,贡献比达66%; 相较氧化性氮,还原性氮对总氮沉降的贡献较大,贡献比为57%.进一步分析不同下垫面类型的氮干沉降结果,气态氮的干沉降均是在城市和农田下垫面上更高.NH₃ 干沉降通量主要受排放源影响,HNO₃ 干沉降通量则受气象条件影响较大,而排放源和气象条件均有很强的季节性 变化.NH₄⁺和NO₃^-在森林下垫面上的干沉降通量远多于其它类型的下垫面,这主要是因为森林下垫面粗糙度比较大,相应的摩擦速度也较大,湍流比较活跃,有利于粒子污染物的沉积.     

Ag-PANI/BiOI光催化剂湿法脱除气态单质汞

采用原位光还原和简易化学吸附法制备出新型的三元Ag负载聚苯胺/碘氧化铋（PANI/BiOI）系列光催化剂,在模拟烟气条件下考察了光催化剂的脱汞性能,研究了Ag负载量、反应温度和烟气成分等对脱汞活性的影响,采用N₂吸附-脱附、XRD、TEM、XPS、DRS等技术对光催化剂的物理化学属性进行表征.结果表明：添加PANI后,光催化剂的Hg⁰去除性能大幅提升.负载4wt%的Ag后,Ag（4%）PANI/Bi OI具有约98%的脱汞性能.无机阴离子NO₃^-、Cl^-和SO₄^2-对光催化剂脱汞性能的抑制作用较小,但CO₃^2-对光催化剂的活性抑制作用较大,脱汞效率明显下降至82%.与PANI/BiOI相比,Ag（4%）PANI/Bi OI的比表面积和总孔容增大,表明Ag纳米颗粒高度分散在PANI/Bi OI的表面.Ag-PANI/BiOI显示出较强的光吸收能力.Ag纳米颗粒的添加能显著增强PANI/Bi OI表面e^--h⁺对的有效分离.光催化剂高效脱汞的原因在于PANI、Bi OI之间良好的带隙匹配和Ag纳米颗粒的表面等离子体共振（SPR）效应.     

Mercury accumulation and dynamics in montane forests along an elevation gradient in Southwest China

Understanding atmospheric mercury (Hg) accumulation in remote montane forests is critical to assess the Hg ecological risk to wildlife and human health. To quantify impacts of vegetation, climatic and topographic factors on Hg accumulation in montane forests, we assessed the Hg distribution and stoichiometric relations among Hg, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) in four forest types along the elevation of Mt. Gongga. Our results show that Hg concentration in plant tissues follows the descending order of litter > leaf, bark > root > branch > bole wood, indicating the importance of atmospheric Hg uptake by foliage for Hg accumulation in plants. The foliar Hg/C (from 237.0 ± 171.4 to 56.8 ± 27.7 µg/kg) and Hg/N (from 7.5 ± 3.9 to 2.5 ± 1.2 mg/kg) both decrease along the elevation. These elevation gradients are caused by the heterogeneity of vegetation uptake of atmospheric Hg and the variation of atmospheric Hg° concentrations at different altitudes. Organic soil Hg accumulation is controlled by forest types, topographic and climatic factors, with the highest concentration in the mixed forest (244.9 ± 55.7 µg/kg) and the lowest value in the alpine forest (151.9 ± 44.5 µg/kg). Further analysis suggests that soil Hg is positively correlated to C (r² = 0.66) and N (r² = 0.57), and Hg/C and Hg/N both increase with the soil depth. These stoichiometric relations highlight the combined effects from environmental and climatic factors which mediating legacy Hg accumulation and selective Hg absorption during processes of organic soil mineralization.     

Improved atmospheric mercury simulation using updated gas-particle partition and organic aerosol concentrations

The gaseous or particulate forms of divalent mercury (Hg^II) significantly impact the spatial distribution of atmospheric mercury concentration and deposition flux (FLX). In the new nested-grid GEOS-Chem model, we try to modify the Hg^II gas-particle partitioning relationship with synchronous and hourly observations at four sites in China. Observations of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), particulate-bound Hg (PBM), and PM_2.5 were used to derive an empirical gas-particle partitioning coefficient as a function of temperature (T) and organic aerosol (OA) concentrations under different relative humidity (RH). Results showed that with increasing RH, the dominant process of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from physical adsorption to chemical desorption. And the dominant factor of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from T to OA concentrations. We thus improved the simulated OA concentration field by introducing intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) emission inventory into the model framework and refining the volatile distributions of I/SVOCs according to new filed tests in the recent literatures. Finally, normalized mean biases (NMBs) of monthly gaseous element mercury (GEM), GOM, PBM, WFLX were reduced from −33%–29%, 95%–300%, 64%–261%, 117%–122% to −13%–0%, −20%–80%, −31%–50%, −17%–23%. The improved model explains 69%–98% of the observed atmospheric Hg decrease during 2013–2020 and can serve as a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the Minamata Convention on Mercury.     

用苔藓氮含量和氮同位素值指示庐山大气氮沉降

对庐山风景区不同海拔高度(263～1 400 m)上31个石生苔藓(Haplocladium microphyllum)氮含量〔w(TN),以干质量计〕和氮同位素值(δ15N)进行了分析. 苔藓w(TN)与海拔高度(L_altitude)的关系〔w(TN)=3.11-7.85×10-4L_altitude〕表明,在庐山风景区,随着海拔高度的升高,苔藓w(TN)呈逐渐下降趋势. 根据前人研究的苔藓w(TN)与大气氮沉降量的定量关系,估算出庐山山顶和山脚的大气氮沉降量分别为24.61和41.72 kg/(hm2·a). 苔藓δ15N在-4‰～-2‰范围出现的频率最高,表明庐山风景区大气氮沉降主要来源于农业或自然土壤中氮的释放.      

SHEDS-PM模型模拟杭州市人群PM10暴露水平

以杭州市为例,利用美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)国家暴露研究实验室(NERL)所开发的颗粒物人类暴露剂量随机模拟模型(SHEDS-PM),考察了人群在不同微环境中的PM₁₀暴露水平. 结合室外环境ρ(PM₁₀₎模拟结果、相关微环境参数和人群活动特征,对研究区域2004年不同季节室外环境、室内环境(住宅、办公室、学校、商店、餐馆)以及机动车内PM₁₀暴露水平进行了模拟. 结果表明:PM₁₀暴露量、吸入量和沉积量与ρ(PM₁₀₎日均值呈正相关;1月PM₁₀暴露量、吸入量和沉积量最大,分别为18.22,326.99和277.46 μg/m3>/sup>,三者在住宅环境中的剂量最大;不同微环境PM₁₀平均沉积速率有明显差异.      

湿法脱硫中石灰石耗量的经济性分析

石灰石耗量是烟气脱硫系统(FGD)性能试验中较为重要的测试项目,主要考核FGD中吸收剂的利用效率,它的高低将直接影响FGD的运行成本。主要介绍了钙硫比和石灰石耗量的测试方法,对运行中石灰石耗量的影响因素进行了分析,并通过对盘电公司脱硫系统运行参数的分析比较,提出了降低石灰石耗量的可行性运行方案。     

Particulate matter and metals partitioning in highway rainfall-runoff

This study investigated the particulate matter (PM) and metals in highway dry deposition and rainfall-runoff as a function of hydrologic transport and settling on an event basis. Events were differentiated as mass-limited (ML) and flow-limited (FL). Results indicate that unique and separate suspended sediment concentration (SSC) relationships with turbidity occurred for ML and FL events. Sixty minutes of quiescent settling produced a single SSC-turbidity relationship for all events. ML events transport higher proportions of settleable and sediment PM while FL events transported relatively higher suspended PM. For batch clarification with one hour of settling, ML events had generally higher treatment efficiencies compared to FL events for the same settling conditions. Highway dry deposition PM was hetero-disperse and coarse (d _{50 m} = 304 μm). Results indicate that the acidic rainfall is not a significant contributor to metals in runoff but is capable of leaching metals from dry deposition PM into runoff. Partitioning in retained runoff resulted in a particulate-bound predominance for most metals except Ca and Mg. While the finer fraction of dry deposition PM (< 75 μm) generates the highest metal concentrations, the highest metal mass is associated with the coarser fraction (> 75 μm).     

黄海千里岩岛大气湿沉降营养盐的研究

于2009~2010年对黄海千里岩岛的雨水进行了收集,测定了其pH值、NH4+、NO3- + NO2-、SiO32-和PO43-的含量,讨论了黄海西部湿沉降的酸雨状况、营养盐各组分浓度的变化特征、沉降通量以及对黄海初级生产力的贡献.结果表明,大气湿沉降中58%的样品5.6相似文献   

林下凋落物去除与施氮对针叶林和阔叶林土壤氮的影响

通过野外模拟试验,选择中亚热带针叶林(杉木林)和阔叶林(浙江桂林和罗浮栲林)森林生态系统,设3个施氮水平CK(对照)、低氮〔30kg/(hm2·a) 〕和高氮〔100kg/(hm2·a)〕及2个凋落物处理,研究施氮对土壤主要形态氮质量分数的影响、动态变化及凋落物在其中的作用. 结果表明:与CK相比,高氮处理可瞬时(3d)提高森林土壤氮质量分数,但施氮后持续效应的影响降低. 与保留凋落物相比,去除凋落物在施氮的持续效应中,可降低阔叶林土壤w(铵态氮)18.2%,而杉木林土壤的氮质量分数则略有升高.去除凋落物下施氮的持续和瞬时效应可增加各种林下土壤的w(硝态氮),其中浙江桂林土壤w(硝态氮)分别增加58.9%和38.2%,罗浮栲林土壤分别增加7.0%和30.0%,杉木林土壤分别增加-17.1%和9.0%. 可见凋落物在施氮连续事件中存在复杂的短期和长期相互影响. 阔叶林土壤w(SON)(SON为可溶性有机氮)较高,并且其微生物w(SON)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于杉木林土壤,而杉木林土壤微生物w(铵态氮)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于阔叶林土壤.