模拟氮沉降对入侵植物薇甘菊叶绿素荧光参数的影响

大气氮沉降的增加会对某些生态系统造成严重影响。入侵植物薇甘菊的蔓延是近年来威胁我国林业安全的一大难题。氮沉降量的增加可能会对薇甘菊光合作用效率产生影响。为进一步了解两者之间的关系,以NH4NO3（分析纯）为氮源,对生长着薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha）的木荷（Schima superba）人工林试验地进行模拟氮沉降处理。试验设置3个氮沉降试验组,分别为对照组N0（N：0 g·m-2·a-1）,试验组N5（N：5 g·m-2·a-1）和N10（N：10 g·m-2·a-1）,根据当地降水情况计算并定量人工喷施。于2013年6、8和11月分别测定试验地内薇甘菊的各项叶绿素荧光参数指标。结果显示,（1）各月份间,除非光化学猝灭（qN）6月份数值低于11月份外,各指标基本表现为8月份最高,6月份次之,11月份值最低的规律。在低温,相对干旱的11月,薇甘菊生长末期,氮素的增加对薇甘菊光合效率提高的帮助尤为明显。（2）各试验组间,N0组各指标值均低于N5组与N10组,氮沉降量的增加能够促进薇甘菊光合作用效率的提高,会对薇甘菊的生长具有促进作用。（3）试验组N5组与N10组之间无一致规律性,推测过高的氮素可能会抑制薇甘菊的生长。此推论有待于进一步实验证明。（4）在试验地自然条件下,大气氮沉降量的升高会促进薇甘菊光合作用效率的提高。该文可为大气氮沉降增加的生态影响的研究和薇甘菊入侵生态学研究提供一定的理论依据。     

玻璃窑高温烟气净化工艺设计

通过分析已实施的工程运行情况,总结了玻璃窑烟气采用湿法净化系统存在的一些问题:一是高温腐蚀非常严重,二是结垢堵塞严重,再就是水处理系统的冷热水分层问题。供类似工程的方案设计参考。     

多炉一塔脱硫工艺烟气系统的优化

多炉一塔脱硫工艺的烟气系统通常设置GGH和增压风机,但在工程实践中会出现较多运行问题,如失速、喘振、高能耗等。以某自备电厂3台220t/h燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫工程为例,针对多炉一塔湿法脱硫工艺是否设置GGH和增压风机进行了技术经济分析,并对烟气系统的控制监测方案进行了优化,最终采取了取消GGH、改造引风机、优化烟气系统控制监测的设计方案。可为小型燃煤电厂多炉一塔脱硫工艺提供参考。     

高温矿井回采工作面湿球温度的应用

利用回归分析的方法计算出湿空气焓值的湿球温度表达式,进而导出回采工作面热平衡方程的湿球温度表达式和风流的热交换方程。由于干球温度指标评价矿井气候条件具有片面性,引出了回采工作面进风临界湿球温度的概念。通过分析,得出回采工作面的进风临界湿球温度为25℃较为合适的结论。当回采工作面进风湿球温度低于25℃时,适量增加风量有利于工作面降温,当大于25℃时,增加风量对工作面降温反而有害。     

湿式氧化法处理汽油碱渣和液态烃碱渣

介绍了湿式氧化法处理汽油碱渣和液态烃碱渣的工艺原理和运行状况,削减了恶臭源,取得了较好的环境效益和社会效益.     

模拟废水丁二酸的催化湿式氧化处理

对催化湿式氧化专用的TiO₂载体及Ru-TiO₂催化剂的抗压强度、比表面积、孔体积、平均粒径、晶体结构等重要物性参数进行了表征.在间歇式反应釜上研究了Ru-TiO₂催化剂在处理模拟废水丁二酸(7.40g/L,COD=7000mg/L)中的催化活性、影响因素及金属溶出问题.研究表明:在Ru含量相同的情况下,载体的比表面积、孔体积越大,催化活性越高.经过表面处理的载体制备的催化剂活性显著提高(COD去除率增加约10%).反应受温度、pH值等因素的影响:在反应温度270℃,pH=11.00,起始压力2.3MPa,反应压力7.1MPa条件下,经30min反应,COD去除率为67.4%～95.4%.在间歇式反应釜中连续运行12次后,催化活性稳定,Ru流失甚微.在200L/d的小型工业化装置上一个月的运行,保持COD去除率大于99%,NH₃-N去除率约100%.     

南京市大气沉降中重金属特征及对土壤环境的影响

为明确城市大气重金属沉降对土壤环境的影响,在对南京市6个典型城市功能区连续4a大气(干、湿)沉降中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni)含量、通量、时空变异等方面研究的基础上,结合不同功能区表土重金属含量与土壤剖面206Pb/207Pb特征,分析其在城市土壤的累积特征.研究显示,Cu、Zn和Pb在大气沉降中强烈富集,其中又以Cu和Pb为潜在生态危害的关键元素.大气沉降导致除在相对未受城市人为活动影响的风景区外各功能区表土重金属均有明显富集,这种富集受大气沉降重金属含量和沉降量的共同影响.土壤累积模式预测钢铁工业区表土受大气重金属沉降影响的长期累积增量最大,以Zn和Pb最明显.钢铁工业区土壤剖面Pb含量和同位素特征显示表层20cm土体受大气沉降影响明显,206Pb/207Pb二元模型与预测模式对定量大气Pb沉降的土壤影响结果较一致,表明土壤中某些重金属的累积与大气沉降密切相关.     

Removing ammonia from air with a constant pH,slightly acidic water spray wet scrubber using recycled scrubbing solution

Slightly acidic solutions are a practical means of removing ammonia from air Scrubbed NH₃ accumulates in solution as NH₄⁺ and should be an excellent fertilizer Increased air velocity decreased NH₃ removal and increased NH₄⁺ collection Previous research on wet scrubbers has only studied highly acidic scrubbing solutions because of their high ammonia capture efficiencies; however, the high acidity created practical problems. Lower acidity solutions would reduce corrosion, maintenance, and cost; however, designers may need to use strategies for increasing scrubber effectiveness, such as using lower air velocities. The objective of this study was to determine if a spray scrubber with slightly acidic and higher pH scrubbing solution (pH from 2 to 8) could effectively remove NH₃ from NH₃ laden air (such as animal building exhaust air), and also collect this valuable resource for later use as a fertilizer. A bench-scale spray wet scrubber treated 20 ppmv NH₃/air mixture in a countercurrent contact chamber. First, the solution pH was varied from 2 to 8 while maintaining constant air velocity at 1.3 m·s⁻¹. Next, air velocity was increased (2 and 3 m·s⁻¹) while solution pH remained constant at pH6. At 1.3 m·s⁻¹, NH₃ removal efficiencies ranged between 49.0% (pH8) and 84.3% (pH2). This study has shown that slightly acidic scrubbing solutions are a practical means of removing ammonia from air especially if the scrubber is designed to increase collisions between solution droplets and NH₃ molecules. The NH₃ removed from the air was held in solution as NH₄⁺ and accumulates over time so the solution should be an excellent fertilizer.     

城市森林大气PM2.5中水溶性无机离子沉降特征

森林被誉为"地球之肺",在防霾治污方面有其独特不可替代的作用,不同树种沉降PM_2.5的功能有很大差别.本文选取代表性城市森林——奥林匹克森林公园为研究对象,设置垂直监测塔观测大气PM_2.5的浓度垂直分布,以考察不同季节城市森林对PM_2.5中各组分的影响.在冬季、春季和夏季各采集PM_2.5样品,分析并计算PM_2.5中Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg2⁺、Ca2⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-等典型水溶性无机离子的浓度.结果表明,PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子总浓度呈规律性变化特征:冬季((56.90±27.38)μg·m-3)>春季((46.69±12.24)μg·m^-3)>夏季((23.16±8.75)μg·m^-3).其中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度和占PM_2.5主要水溶性无机离子总浓度的50%以上.3个季节中,除冬季外,在春季和夏季,8种离子有明显的垂直方向上的沉降,夏季的沉降速率高于春季,但是春季由于大气颗粒物浓度高,沉降通量高于夏季.NO₃^-和SO₄^2-垂直方向的沉降量在所有可溶性无机离子中最高.植被密度、叶面积指数、气象条件等因素对于PM_2.5的沉降特征有明显影响.     

Non-point source-driven carbon and nutrient loading to Ganga River (India)

This study was designed to test whether the atmospheric deposition (AD) significantly influences gross primary productivity (GPP) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) build-up in the Ganga River. We collected data for three consecutive years (2012–2014) along with 37 km river stretch with respect to AD-input of carbon, nutrients, and surface runoff chemistry to relate changes in the river water. We found strong linkages among carbon and nutrients in AD, surface runoff and in the river. The concentration of DOC in the river was highest in the rainy season while those of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved reactive phosphorus were highest in winter. Spatio-temporal changes in DOC indicated dependence on point- and non-point sources and within-system DOC build-up. The GPP in the river increased consistently over time and significantly correlated with AD-N (R^2?=?0.96, p?<?.001) and AD-P (R^2?=?0.97, p?<?.001). Basin level extrapolation showed that the Ganga River Basin receives 1.81?Tg organic-C, 2.77 Tg reactive-N, and 130?Gg reactive-P annually through atmospheric deposition. Non-point source contributions of carbon and nutrients to the river were substantially higher than those of point sources. The study has relevance for regional scale carbon and nutrient budgeting and action plans for integrated river basin management.