太湖氮磷大气干湿沉降时空特征

为了探索太湖氮磷营养盐干湿沉降特征及对太湖营养盐输入的贡献,于2011年不同季节采集太湖不同位点的大气干湿沉降样品,分析干湿沉降中氮（N）和磷（P）的形态和沉降量。研究结果表明,输入太湖的磷以干沉降为主,而氮以湿沉降为主。在太湖干沉降中总无机氮（TIN）占总氮（TN）的77.1%,溶解性磷（DIP）占总磷（TP）的77.9%。干沉降中TIN主要以NH+4-N为主。西太湖是TN与TP通过大气干湿沉降输入太湖的最高湖区。太湖全年大气TN沉降总量为20 978 t,TP沉降总量为1 268 t,因此,氮磷大气干湿沉降是太湖营养盐输入的重要来源之一。     

Trace metal levels and some chemical parameters in herby cheese collected from south eastern Anatolia-Turkey

Due to the consumption of the herby cheese in south eastern Anatolia-Turkey is at high ratio, chemical parameters such as dry matter, pH, acidity, aCl, protein, fat and trace metal contents in 50 different herby cheeses produced at this region have been determined in the presented study. The content of lead, copper, cobalt, nickel, chromium, cadmium, and iron have been analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometer in air/acetylene flame after combination ash digestion method and wet digestion method. The mean concentration of lead, copper, cobalt, nickel, chromium and cadmium in our samples are higher than literature values except iron.     

冶炼厂周边区域夏季大气Cu和Cd沉降特征

为了解贵溪冶炼厂周边农田区域夏季大气重金属沉降状况,于2012年6—8月及2013年6—8月(夏季),设置8个监测点,共收集大气干湿混合样品48个,采用原子吸收分光光度法分析了Cu、Cd。结果发现,冶炼厂周边区域2012年夏季Cu、Cd沉降通量分别为42.5~421、1.01~5.06 mg/m2,平均值149、2.02 mg/m2;2013年夏季Cu、Cd沉降通量分别为40.6~94.3、0.12~0.44 mg/m2,平均值59.4、0.26 mg/m2。同1月份不同监测点Cu、Cd沉降量存在一定差异性,风向为造成该差异性的主要气象因素;不同监测点Cu、Cd月沉降通量与风向频率均具有显著相关性(r均大于0.60)。降雨量影响Cu、Cd月沉降量,Cu、Cd平均月沉降量与降雨量均呈显著相关关系(r=0.91、r=0.87,P0.05)。     

湿法脱硫烟气中多形态颗粒物的测量方法及组分特征

为全面测量固定源湿法脱硫烟气中多形态颗粒物的排放浓度及其离子组成特征,提出了一种基于一级冷凝、二级过滤和一级冲击吸收的多形态烟气颗粒物的同步测量方法,外场实测了3种湿法脱硫和除尘工艺的排放水平。现场测试表明：简易湿法除尘脱硫（NaOH法）一体化装置烟气中可过滤颗粒物（FPM）浓度为（36±11）mg/m³,可逃逸颗粒物（EPM）浓度为（33±7）mg/m³;氧化镁法+布袋除尘工艺烟气中FPM浓度为（14±5）mg/m³,EPM浓度为（13±6）mg/m³;石灰石-石膏脱硫+电袋除尘工艺烟气中FPM浓度低,小于3 mg/m³,EPM浓度为（6±1）mg/m³;烟气中EPM是传统滤膜法检测FPM浓度的0.7~5.7倍,EPM的主要存在形态为冷凝液中的可溶解颗粒物（DPM）,颗粒物的组分与脱硫方法密切相关,各形态颗粒物的主要组分是SO₄^2-、SO₃^2-、NO₃^-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺等离子。     

Analysis of acidic components, heavy metals and PAHS of particulate in the Changwon–Masan area of Korea

This study is an analysis of the concentrations and components of heavy metals in PM_2.5 and the total suspended particulate (TSP) collected at a mechanical industrial complex (IC) site in Changwon and at a residential site in Masan, Korea. Particulate was collected during two sampling periods, from the late summer to the early fall and from the middle to late fall, at the IC site and one sampling period, from the middle fall to the early winter, at the residential site. PM_2.5 and TSP samples were taken by an annular denuder system and a hi-volume air sampler, respectively. The authors also identified the concentrations and components of heavy metals extracted from the PM_2.5 and TSP filters, the acidic components extracted from the PM_2.5 filters, and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) extracted from polyurethane foam (PUF) plug. The average concentrations of the PM_2.5 collected at the IC and residential sites were very similar. Major sources of PM_2.5 at the study sites, however, were air emissions from vehicles and industry as well as emissions from residential heating and soil origins, respectively. The higher concentrations of the TSP at the IC site, as compared to those at the residential site, were due to either increased suspended dust from vehicle emissions or re-suspended road dust because of increased vehicle speeds near the IC site. Heavy metal concentrations in the TSPs were higher than those in the PM_2.5. The heavy metal concentrations in the PM_2.5 and TSP at the IC site with heavy traffic were substantially greater than those at the residential site. The concentrations of TSP and heavy metals and PAHs in PM during the period of the middle to late fall was much higher than those during the period of the late summer to early fall at the IC site. This is because of the difference in meteorological characteristics and energy uses between two periods. The residential site also showed higher concentrations of acidic anions while the IC site showed higher concentrations of acidic cation. Secondary aerosols or particulates, such as ammonium nitrate or ammonium nitrite, might have been important constituents of the PM_2.5 at the residential site. The PAHs in the TSP collected at the IC site was greatly affected by traffic and industry emissions consisting mostly of high molecular weight PAHs with two to four rings. PAHs in the TSP at the site, however, were affected by residential heating and air emissions from small chemical plants having higher concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs with five to six rings.     

准噶尔盆地南缘活化沙丘植被自然恢复初探——以梭梭、白梭梭为例

古尔班通古特沙漠边缘植被破坏严重,沙丘活化明显,是新疆干旱区植被恢复的重点地区之一,一般缺乏地表水补充,其沙丘的水分状况便成为植被生存和恢复过程的关键条件。为掌握古尔班通古特沙漠边缘活化沙丘水分状况,并在其上恢复自然植被,对植物生长期内沙丘水分进行连续监测,并采用当地采集的梭梭、白梭梭种子进行植被恢复实验,结果表明:活化沙丘表层存在干沙层,沙丘中部和下部存在稳定湿沙层,处在距沙丘表面60 cm以下,且厚度超过100 cm,具备植被自然恢复的基础,干沙层的形成速率和风蚀是制约活化沙丘植被自然恢复的决定因素。     

大气污染源低浓度二氧化硫监测方法比较

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫大多采用湿法脱硫原理,导致脱硫尾部烟气排放温度低、湿度高、二氧化硫浓度低,现有的二氧化硫监测采样系统和仪器无法准确测定其排放浓度。通过对不同方法和仪器的对比实验,确定了适合在低温、高湿、低二氧化硫排气情况下的采样分析方法。     

The development of loads of cations, anions, Cd and Pb in precipitation and of atmospheric concentrations of N-components, in Switzerland from 1988 to 2003

This study presents the results of the analyses of Cd, Pb, cations and anions present in precipitation and dust at a pre-alpine and a suburban site in Switzerland in the period from 1988 to 2003. The aim of these measurements was to monitor the success of measures taken to diminish pollutant emissions. No change was found for Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ loads – in line with expectations, as no reducing measures had been taken. Statistically significant and largely decreasing values (50–90%) were found for Cl⁻ and Cd (linked to the fitting of filters in incineration plants), Pb (unleaded petrol), (diminishing the use of mineral oil with high S content), and the proton (lower HCl and SO₂ emissions). A smaller decrease (up to 30%) or none was registered for oxidised nitrogen components (fitting cars with catalytic converters, but an increase in numbers of cars and trucks). No significant change was found for NH₃ as farming techniques had undergone no major changes. The long-term measurements show that the measures taken to reduce emissions were successful. A shorter monitoring period would have been misleading owing to data variability and temporary incidents e.g. amount of precipitation.     

贵州地区大气汞污染及湿法脱硫装置除汞效果的初步评价

2004年冬季在贵州地区对大气中气态元素汞进行了大范围的流动监测调查,重点监测电厂分布地区及东部汞采冶加工地区,结果表明,气态元素汞浓度的高值出现在汞化工区和金矿区;在广大农村地区和小县城附近,大气汞浓度大都在100 ng/m3范围内.同期还进行了大气颗粒物汞的采样和分析,结果表明,监测到的大气颗粒物的汞浓度水平＜3 ng/m3,与国内其他一些城市相当;细颗粒物中汞的富集度高,粒径＜2.2 μm的颗粒物汞占60%～80%.此外,实测了采用石灰-石膏法脱硫电厂的燃煤汞平衡,评价了汞去除效果,结果表明,燃煤中的汞大约20%留在灰渣中,石灰-石膏脱去约20%,约59%的汞通过烟气排放到空气中.     

滴流床反应器中苯酚催化湿式氧化集总反应动力学研究

在自行研制的滴流床反应器中,以苯酚配水溶液作为研究对象,采用负载型CuO/γ-Al2O3作为催化剂,于连续流工况下实验研究了苯酚催化湿式氧化(CWO)过程,建立了滴流床反应器拟均相一维活塞流模型,并结合集总动力学反应模型对实验数据进行拟合.该模型计算值均能较好的预测实验结果;模型引入了集总动力学概念,较深入地解释了催化湿式氧化反应过程.由模型计算所得的动力学参数表明,在所使用的催化剂上苯酚较易氧化为中间产物,但苯酚和中间产物的深度氧化不易进行.