Estimating the combined toxicity of flufenacet and imazaquin to sorghum with pore water herbicide concentration

Combined toxicity of herbicides to non-target crops is usually resulted from their successive application. The present study was conducted to assess the combined toxicity of flufenacet (FLU) and imazaquin (IMA) to sorghum with their concentration in soil pore water. The concentrations that inhibited growth by 50% (IC50) of FLU and IMA individually and their combination estimated from the herbicide concentrations in soil pore water notably differed from those based on the amended concentrations, due to the decline in bioavailability resulting from adsorption of the herbicides onto soil. According to the amended concentrations, the combined effect of FLU and IMA in soil on sorghum growth was identified as additive action. Based on the concentration in soil pore water, however, it was determined to be antagonism, which was identical to that observed in a test using culture solution. The results revealed that pore water herbicide concentration might be an effective tool to assess the combined toxicity of herbicides in soil to rotational crops.     

New insight into adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste activated sludge for heavy metals

The adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste activated sludge were investigated by adsorbing Pb2+and Zn2+in aqueous single-metal solutions. A p H value of the metal solutions at 6.0 was beneficial to the high adsorption quantity of the biosorbent. The optimal mass ratio of the biosorbent to metal ions was found to be 2. A higher adsorption quantity of the biosorbent was achieved by keeping the reaction temperature below 55°C. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the biosorption processes, and the developed mathematical equations showed high determination coefficients(above 0.99 for both metal ions) and insignificant lack of fit(p = 0.0838 and 0.0782 for Pb2+and Zn2+, respectively). Atomic force microscopy analyses suggested that the metal elements were adsorbed onto the biosorbent surface via electrostatic interaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses indicated the presence of complexation(between –NH2,-CN and metal ions) and ion-exchange(between –COOH and metal ions). The adsorption mechanisms could be the combined action of electrostatic interaction, complexation and ion-exchange between functional groups and metal ions.     

煤矸石复合吸附剂对Zn~(2+)的吸附性能

采用某洗煤厂的煤矸石和天然粘土石灰石作为主要原料,添加适量的氯化铝制备吸附剂对Zn~(2+)进行吸附,运用SEM技术对吸附剂进行了表征,研究了不同因素对Zn~(2+)去除率的影响,并探讨了吸附机理。实验结果表明:当反应温度为20℃、振荡时间为70 min、废水pH为6、吸附剂投加量为0.5 g时,Zn~(2+)去除率达到96.28%。煤矸石复合吸附剂对Zn~(2+)的吸附符合准二级动力学方程,在高浓度时符合Langmuir等温吸附模型低浓度时符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,且吸附是易发生的。     

净水厂应对水源地突发苯胺污染处理能力研究

通过对粉末活性炭(PAC)的改性研究提高净水厂对苯胺突发污染的应急能力。以松花江水源地为实验用水,以苯胺污染为研究对象,采用PAC吸附工艺对净水厂应对苯胺突发污染的能力进行了系统研究。结果表明,由于原水中NOM存在的竞争吸附作用,当苯胺超标5倍时,需要PAC投加量130 mg/L才能使出水达标,但对出水浊度产生不利影响;经KOH改性的PAC,在不影响出水浊度的投加量为80 mg/L时就能处理超标5倍的苯胺。     

改性聚乙烯醇吸附镍离子的动力学与热力学研究

研究了自制改性聚乙烯醇对Ni~(2+)的吸附行为,在不同的吸附条件下,探讨相关因素的影响,并对实验数据进行动力学与热力学的拟合。结果表明,室温下,在溶液p H=6.0,NaNO_3的浓度为0.1 mol/L,吸附时间为60 min,液固比为250 m L/g,改性聚乙烯醇对浓度为0.1 mol/L Ni2+的吸附效果好,去除率达到98.05%;当干扰因子设定为0.1 mol/L的Ca(NO_3)_2,对Ni2+的去除率降到59.29%。改性聚乙烯醇对Ni2+的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程;Langmuir等温模型的拟合度较高,推测改性聚乙烯醇表面是均一的等质体,计算的最大吸附量为1.35 mmol/g,与实验结果一致;D-R等温模型的拟合度次之,在各温度下,E16 k J/mol,说明改性聚乙烯醇对Ni2+的吸附是以化学吸附为主。通过Van’t Hoff方程的拟合,计算得到的吉布斯自由能以及熵变和焓变表明该吸附过程为吸热化学反应。     

Adsorption du chlorfenvinphos et du methidathion sur argiles saturees par differents cations

Summary

Adsorption of chlorfenvinphos and methidathion from dissolutions on H⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ are studied. In all cases the saturating cation distinctly influenced the Freundlich‐type adsorption, with adsorption decreasing in the following sequence: H⁺> Ca⁺⁺> Na⁺ > K⁺. Chlorfenvinphos adsorption was slightly greater than methidathion in two clays, and the adsorption extent for them in kaolinite is slower that bentonite.     

铋和石墨烯改性金属有机框架对碘离子的吸附性能

采用一步法制备石墨烯(GO)和铋[Bi(Ⅲ)]改性沸石咪唑酯骨架结构(ZIF-8),得到GZIF和Bi@GZIF吸附剂,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及扫描电镜(SEM)对制备的吸附剂进行表征。结果显示,改性后ZIF-8晶体结构没有被破坏,表面形态及表面基团发生了变化,对碘离子的吸附能力增强,吸附速度加快,尤其是Bi@GZIF在5 min内完成吸附88.3%,最大吸附容量达197.2 mg/g。     

Chemical reactions of uranium in ground water at a mill tailings site

We studied soil and ground water samples from the tailings disposal site near Tuba City, AZ, located on Navajo sandstone, in terms of uranium adsorption and precipitation. The uranium concentration is up to 1 mg/l, 20 times the maximum concentration for ground water protection in the United States. The concentration of bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) in the ground water increased from ≤7×10⁻⁴ M, the background concentration, to 7×10⁻³ M. Negatively charged uranium carbonate complexes prevail at high carbonate concentrations and uranium is not adsorbed on the negatively charged mineral surfaces. Leaching experiments using contaminated and uncontaminated sandstone and 1 N HCl show that adsorption of uranium from the ground water is negligible. Batch adsorption experiments with the sandstone and ground water at 16°C, the in situ ground water temperature, show that uranium is not adsorbed, in agreement with the results of the leaching experiments. Adsorption of uranium at 16°C is observed when the contaminated ground water is diluted with carbonate-free water. The observed increase in pH from 6.7 to 7.3 after dilution is too small to affect adsorption of uranium on the sandstone. Storage of undiluted ground water to 24°C, the temperature in the laboratory, causes coprecipitation of uranium with aragonite and calcite. Our study provides knowledge of the on-site uranium chemistry that can be used to select the optimum ground water remediation strategy. We discuss our results in terms of ground water remediation strategies such as pump and treat, in situ bioremediation, steam injection, and natural flushing.     

Adsorptive removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions by surfactant modified bentonite clay (organoclay): Kinetic and competitive adsorption isotherm

Cationic surfactant (Hexadecyltrimenthylammonium chloride) modified bentonite clay was prepared and systematically studied for its adsorption behavior as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of basic dyes such as methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV) and Rhodamine B (RB) from aqueous phase. Organo modified clay shows better capacity for the removal of three dyes. The adsorption process was found to be dependent on pH and initial dye concentration. The maximum dye sorption was found to be at a pH of 9.0 (99.99% for MB, 95.0% for CV and 83.0% for RB). The adsorption capacity for the dyes was found to be 399.74, 365.11 and 324.36 μmol/g for MB, CV and RB, respectively at 30 °C. The equilibrium uptake was attained within 240 min. The kinetic studies were revealed that sorption follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model which indicates chemisorption between adsorbent and adsorbate molecules. Adsorption isotherm indicates non-energetically adsorption sites which fit with Freundlich isotherm model. The fitness of kinetics and isotherm models was evaluated by using HYBRID error analysis function. Competitive adsorptions of dyes were studied by using binary component systems.