水源地污染源无人机遥感监测

无人机遥感是近年新兴的航空遥感技术,随着无人机平台与载荷的不断进步,其研究应用愈加深入,已广泛应用于各行业领域,并作为卫星遥感技术的补充,愈加发挥着重要作用。为拓展无人机遥感技术应用潜力,分析无人机在环保领域应用效果,以扬州市南水北调工程东线输水水域的水源地为研究区域,基于其污染源特征及周边生态环境状况,研究无人机平台与载荷搭配(可见光与热红外)技术,监测研究区污染源,分析其对水质的潜在影响。结果表明,研究区存在多处污染源,主要为点源污染(工业点源、水产养殖、生活污水),面源污染(河道码头、水土流失、农业)和内源污染(航运船舶、桥梁交通运输、渔民生活)等,同时,发现某助剂厂隐藏在水面下的4个排污口。该项技术的实验研究,发挥了无人机平台与载荷搭配应用效果,获取了污染源的类型、数量、空间分布及其扩散形态,为水源地无人机遥感技术应用奠定了工作基础。     

苯处理SD大鼠器官和血中DNA加合物的形成与分布

以Ｐ１核酸酶提高灵敏度的＾３２Ｐ后标记法系统研究活体条件下腹腔注射苯处理的ＳＤ大鼠脏器和血细胞中ＤＮＡ加合物的形成与分布。结果表明，苯诱导或Ａｒｏｃｌｏｒ诱导对苯处理的ＳＤ大鼠体内ＤＮＡ加合物的形成有明显的促进作用，苯诱导的促进作用大于Ａｒｏｃｌｏｒ诱导。采用共价加合物标记指数对＾３２Ｐ后标记法数据进行计算的结果表明，此指数能反映出同一处理不同器官及不同处理相同器官中的ＤＮＡ加合物的形成与分布情况     

Determination and prediction of sediment yields from recession of the Holderness Coast, NE England

The rapidly eroding cliffs and foreshore of the Holderness Coast represent one of the largest sources of sediment discharging in the southern North Sea. For effective coastal management it is important to understand the sediment sources, transport pathways and depositional sinks. The sediment budget is regarded as one of the key information needs for sustainable planning and management. In order to quantify the sediment yield from recession of the Holderness Coast, digital photogrammetry has been used, together with nearshore bathymetric survey data, to produce a single DTM for a length of over 52 km of coastline. Other data including geological sections, sediment lithology, recession rates and the location of coastal defences have been added to the DTM to create a GIS for the Holderness Coast. The GIS has been used to predict the volume and nature of the sediment yield assuming that historical recession rates continue. The GIS can also be used to predict future yields using assumptions of accelerated recession or the implications of arrested retreat due to construction of defences.     

Assessment of aerial spray deposits in a spruce forest using in‐flight microencapsulation technique

Abstract

Spray drops were counted and sized on Kromekote® cards at ground level, and on spruce foliage at canopy level, after aerial application of a formulation containing a microencapsulation medium, over a spruce forest in Ontario. The majority of drops (70%) on foliage was 20 ‐ 75 µm range. A coarse drop size spectrum was observed on cards with a maximum diameter (Dmax) of 380 µm, and with 85% of the drops = 130 µm in diameter. Foliar drop analysis, on the other hand, indicated a finer spectrum with a Dmax of 150 µm, and with 85% of the drops = 75 µm. These results were explained on the basis of formulation ingredients, atomizer setting, weather factors, and drop retention on target surfaces. The assessment of spray deposits on glass plates at ground level indicated that about 16% of the applied spray volume reached the forest floor, a value which is comparable to those obtained in previous forestry applications using the ultra‐low‐volume (ULV) technique.     

Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability Through the Use of GIS Tools in South Sicily (Italy)

This study assessed coastal erosion vulnerability along a 90-km sector, which included both erosional and accretionary beaches, and different levels of human occupation. Two aerial photogrammetric flights were used to reconstruct coastal evolution between 1977 and 1999. During this period, extensive accretion was recorded updrift of human structures at harbors and ports, e.g., Scoglitti (105.6 m), Donnalucata (52.8 m), and Pozzallo (94.6 m). Conversely, erosion was recorded in downdrift areas, with maximum values at Modica Stream mouth (63.8 m) and Point Castellazzo (35.2 m). Assessments were subsequently divided into four categories ranging from “high erosion” to “accretion.” Several sources were examined to assess human activities and land use. The latter was mapped and divided into four categories, ranging from “very high” to “no capital” land use. Subsequently, coastal erosion vulnerability was assessed by combining land use categories with recorded coastline behavior. Results showed “very high” to “high” vulnerability along 5.8% and 16.6%, respectively, of the littoral, while 20.9% and 56.7%, respectively, was found to exhibit “medium” and “low/very low” vulnerability. A very good agreement between predicted coastal vulnerability and coastal trend had been observed over recent years. Furthermore, several human structures and activities are located within the “imminent collapse zone (ICZ)” which reached maximum values of 17.5 m at Modica Stream and 13.5 m at Point Braccetto.     

Electrosensory prey detection in the African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae), of a weakly electric mormyrid fish, the bulldog (Marcusenius macrolepidotus)

During their seasonal runs in the Okavango and other freshwater bodies in southern Africa, the sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus, specialises on the bulldog, Marcusenius macrolepidotus, as its main prey. We examined whether the catfish can locate bulldogs by detecting their pulse-type electric organ discharges (EODs). The electrosensory threshold for single-cycle, monopolar square-wave pulses was exceedingly low (down to 13 μV_p–p/cm for 4-ms pulses) in trained, food-rewarded sharptooth catfish (n=4), confirming the results of Lissmann and Machin who were, however, unable to identify a biological function. Other stimulus pulse waveforms (single-cycle, monopolar as well as bipolar sine-wave pulses) were also effective stimuli according to their spectral low-frequency energy contents (0– 30 Hz). Male bulldogs display an EOD pulse approximately 10× the duration of female EODs (≈0.5 ms). The C. gariepinus threshold for field-recorded playbacks of a male bulldog EOD (of long duration) was 103 μV_p–p/cm, whereas the brief female and juvenile EODs were not detected (using intensities of natural EODs). EODs of other mormyrids were detected when either monopolar or of long duration. Signal source amplitude increased linearly with standard length (SL) in bulldogs. Signal reach, as calculated from signal source amplitude and receiver sensitivity, is up to 150 cm for a large male bulldog (SL 27.5 cm), and 83 cm for a male that has just turned sexually mature (SL 12.6 cm). Therefore, most bulldogs eaten by catfish are probably male, in agreement with the size distribution of bulldogs found in catfish stomachs. These results suggest that sharptooth catfish rely heavily on their acute electrical sense during hunting, and an important function for electroreception in an African catfish has been identified. Received: 13 December 1999 / Revised: 20 April 2000 / Accepted: 20 May 2000     

Distribution and abundance of western gray whales off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, 2001’003

In 2001–2003, >60,000 km of aerial surveys and 7,700 km of vessel surveys were conducted during June to November when critically endangered Korean–Okhotsk or western gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) were present off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. Results of surveys in all years indicated gray whales occurred in predominantly two areas, (1) adjacent to Piltun Bay, and (2) offshore from Chayvo Bay, hereafter referred to as the Piltun and offshore feeding areas. In the Piltun feeding area, the majority of whales were observed in waters shallower than 20 m and were distributed from several hundred meters to ∼ 5 km from the shoreline. In the offshore feeding area during all years, the distribution of gray whales extended from southwest to northeast in waters 30–65 m in depth. During all years, the distribution and abundance of whales changed in both the Piltun and offshore feeding areas, and both north–south and inshore–offshore movements were documented within and between feeding seasons. The discovery of a significant number of whales feeding in the offshore area each year was a substantial finding of this study and raises questions regarding western gray whale abundance and population levels, feeding behavior and ecology, and individual site-fidelity. Fluctuations in the number of whales observed within the Piltun and offshore feeding areas and few sightings outside of these two areas indicate that gray whales move between the Piltun and offshore feeding areas during their summer–fall feeding season. Seasonal shifts in the distribution and abundance of gray whales between and within both the Piltun and offshore feeding areas are thought, in part, to be a response to seasonal changes in the distribution and abundance of prey. However, the mechanism driving the movements of whales along the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island is likely very complex and influenced by a multitude of factors. *Deceased     

江苏生态环境无人机监测体系研究及初步应用

近年来,无人机技术趋于成熟并逐步得到广泛应用,成为一种新的环境监测平台。与传统监测方法相比,无人机监测平台具有快速、灵活、清晰、直观等突出优势。基于以往工作基础,研究并提出一种适用于江苏省的生态环境无人机监测体系,同时进一步讨论无人机在水、气、生态环境监测领域的业务应用思路。     

Droplet size spectra and deposits of Bacillus thuringiensis aerial sprays,following application at two volume rates over an oak forest

Abstract

Dipel® 8AF, a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) was sprayed undiluted at 30 BIU in 1.8L/ha over a block B1, and sprayed after dilution with water at 30 BIU in 6.2 L/ha over another block B2 in an oak forest infested with the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in southeastern Ontario, Canada. Spray was applied in May 1987 using a Cessna 188 Agtruck aircraft equipped with four Hicronair^® AU4000 atomizers. Droplet sizes were measured at mid‐canopy level of oak trees and at ground level using cylindrical Kromekote® cards. Deposit per unit area was assessed on aluminum oak leaves.

At the lower volume rate of 1.8 L/ha, spray droplets were smaller and droplets/cm² were lower on the cylindrical Kromekote cards in B1 than those obtained in B2 which received the higher volume rate of 6.2 L/ha. The average deposit per unit area of the aluminum oak leaves, expressed in nL of the spray volume per cm² surface area, was also correspondingly lower in B1 than in B2. This was attributed to the higher volume rate of spray application used in B2 than in B1, which resulted in larger droplets and a greater volume deposit/cm² in B2.     

航空遥感影像上震害解译的结构模型与几何特征的获取

首先给出了基于航空遥感影像的震害分类方案及各种震害在遥感图像上的主要特征，提出了一种震害解译的结构模型。然后讨论了震害的几何测度指标，并研究了震害几何特征的获取，最后对遥感影像震害解译的前景进行了展望。