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21.
22.
Mei Li Yao Zhang Chenglei Pei Jinwen Zhang Chunlei Cheng Xiufeng Lian Mubai Chen Bo Huang Zhong Fu Zhen Zhou 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2023,35(2):806-822
The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles ‘parent ions’ and ‘mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77’ of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. 相似文献
23.
Huanbo Wang Leiming Zhang Irene Cheng Xiaohong Yao Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(5):1-11
To evaluate the effectiveness of emission control regulations designed for reducing air pollution, chemically resolved PM2.5 data have been collected across Canada through the National Air Pollution Surveillance network in the past decade. 24-hr time integrated PM2.5 collected at seven urban and two rural sites during 2010-2016 were analyzed to characterize geographical and seasonal patterns and associated potential causes. Site-specific seven-year mean gravimetric PM2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 5.7 to 9.6 µg/m3. Seven-year mean concentrations of SO42?, NO3?, NH4+, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were in the range of 0.68 to 1.6, 0.21 to 1.5, 0.27 to 0.71, 1.1 to 1.9, and 0.37 to 0.71 µg /m3, accounting for 10.8%-18.1%, 3.7%-16.7%, 4.7%-7.4%, 18.4%-21.0%, and 6.4%-10.6%, respectively, of gravimetric PM2.5 mass. PM2.5 and its five major chemical components showed higher concentrations in southeastern Canada and lower values in Atlantic Canada, with the seven-year mean ratios between the two regions being on the order of 1.7 for PM2.5 and 1.8-7.1 for its chemical components. When comparing the concentrations between urban and rural sites within the same region, those of SO42? and NH4+ were comparable, while those of NO3?, OC, and EC were around 20%, 40%-50%, and 70%-80%, respectively, higher at urban than rural sites, indicating the regional scale impacts of SO42? and NH4+ and effects of local sources on OC and EC. Monthly variations generally showed summertime peaks for SO42? and wintertime peaks for NO3?, but those of NH4+, OC, and EC exhibited different seasonality at different locations. 相似文献
24.
介绍了灰霾遥感监测的基本原理,论述了基于图像变换的TC法、HOT法和基于反演气溶胶光学厚度的灰霾遥感监测技术,以及造成灰霾天气的秸秆燃烧遥感监测方法.指出卫星遥感技术可以提供大尺度、长时间序列的污染物时空分布特征和变化趋势,以及全球性的大气环境综合遥感数据,是灰霾监测与综合治理的重要途径. 相似文献
25.
Scott Elliott Gerald E. Streit Jeffrey S. Gaffney James E. Bossert Michael Brown Jon Reisner Laurie A. McNair 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(2):103-105
The nerve agent sarin has recently been deployed by terrorists in a major city. The molecule is volatile and made its way
to many victims by passing as vapor through a highly reactive medium. Here we estimate rates and pathways for the removal
of gas phase sarin from a generalized urban atmosphere. Only information from the open scientific literature is used. By structure
reactivity comparisons with the organophosphorus pesticides, hydroxyl radical hydrogen abstraction may occur in as little
as one hour. Decomposition of side chains after hydroxyl attack leads to organic oxygenates which preserve the phosphonofluoridate
and so toxicity. The aqueous aerosol surface is contacted in minutes and offers access to a range of dissolved nucleophiles.
Substitution displaces the fluoride leaving group, giving safe phosphoric acid analogs. Because of uncertainties in the electron
distribution and in aqueous decay mechanisms, the time constants must be viewed as lower limits. 相似文献
26.
Chemical signals of epiphytic lichens in southwestern North America; natural versus man-made sources for airborne particulates 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stephen R. Getty David S. Gutzler Yemane Asmerom Charles K. Shearer Scott J. Free 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1999,33(30):2261
Ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) in southwestern North America consists of naturally derived desert dust, plus anthropogenic inputs from several sources. Epiphytic lichens (Usnea sp.) in this region are a useful biomonitor for the airborne PM because they derive nutrients and moisture largely from incorporated atmospheric aerosols, and not by absorption from the host tree limb from which they are suspended. Using a broad-based sampling strategy from southern Chihuahua, Mexico, to northern New Mexico, USA, we show that select elemental abundance ratios and lead isotopes from epiphytic lichens are useful for distinguishing between sources of airborne PM, and for gauging anthropogenic inputs into desert ecosystems. Abundance patterns of the trace elements La, Nd, and Sm in the lichens suggest origination from continental crust, but rare earth elements display a pronounced enrichment relative to the major element Fe by a factor of about 5. This enrichment appears related to geologic weathering, aeolian transport, and grain-size biases toward trace-element-rich mineral grains in the arid setting. Using the metal Pb as an indicator of human inputs, epiphytic lichens typically show Pb enrichments by a factor of about 25–60 over typical upper crustal values. Regional-scale differences in Pb isotope ratios of these lichens relate to different pollutant sources in southwestern North America. 相似文献
27.
Yuting Wei Xiao Tian Junbo Huang Zaihua Wang Bo Huang Jinxing Liu Jie Gao Danni Liang Haofei Yu Yinchang Feng Guoliang Shi 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(11):137
28.
太湖上空大气气溶胶光学厚度及其特征分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
基于高精度的太阳光度计(CE-318)得到太湖上空气溶胶长期观测数据,获得了太湖上空从2005年9月~2010年10月的气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)以及相应的ngstrm参数α.5 a的观测资料表明,太湖上空AOT的高值区出现在夏季的6~7月,低值区出现在秋冬季节的10月~次年1月;α的低值区和高值区分别出现在春季的3~4月和秋季的9~11月,AOT及对应的α的变化主要与该地区的天气形势有关.从频率分布来看,AOT(500 nm)只有一个峰值,最高频率值为0.4~0.6,约占总样本的26%,年均值为0.80.按照平均AOT(500 nm)计算,气溶胶造成的太阳直射辐射的透过率衰减至少为50%,致使太湖地区的大气较为混浊,形成严重的雾霾天气;ngstrm波长指数α有2个峰值,最高频率区间为1.1~1.3和1.3~1.5,分别占总样本的30%,年平均值为1.17.结果还表明AOT(500 nm)和α的日均值变化范围均较大,表明太湖上空有不同类型的气溶胶粒子共存;当α增大时,AOT(500 nm)的均值呈递减趋势.总体结果分析表明,太湖上空的AOT值随时间变化较大,属于城市-工业型气溶胶类型. 相似文献
29.
综述了近年来国内外学者对大气气溶胶中痕量金属元素的研究进展,介绍了痕量金属元素的地球化学行为,以及大气气溶胶中痕量金属的源解析方法、在环境中的循环与污染、生物有效性及对人体的健康效应。建议研发更可靠的分析方法或在线检测仪器,避免采样和样品前处理过程中痕量金属的污染和损失;建立监测网络,形成区域性的大气监测模式,更全面地分析污染来源;与监测超级站建设、空气污染流行病学设计和毒性机制研究相结合,建立更加完善的研究体系。 相似文献
30.
Realistic meteorological fields are a prerequisite for the determination of pollutant concentrations and depositions by means
of a chemistry transport model. Different configurations of the 5th generation NCAR/Penn State University mesoscale meteorological
model MM5 were tested to determine the optimum set up for long term hindcasts that cover several months up to years. Four
dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) significantly enhances the spatio temporal representation of temperature, humidity and
wind. Best agreement with radiosonde observations could be achieved when temperature, humidity and wind were grid nudged every
6 h. The quality of the resulting meteorological fields showed no significant systematic temporal or spatial variation over
Europe in a model run of the year 2000. It was found that the hydrological cycle was not correctly reproduced by the model
when no nudging was applied. The relevant model run showed too high relative humidity and too high rainfall when compared
to observations. This led to considerably lower aerosol concentrations close to ground and a shift in the deposition patterns
of particle bound pollutants like the carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P).
Guest Editor: Dr. S. T. Rao. 相似文献