乙醇汽油对减少机动车污染排放的机理研究与分析

以93#国Ⅲ乙醇汽油(E10)、93#国Ⅲ普通汽油和93#国Ⅳ普通汽油为实验对象,对GB18352.3-2005中要求限定的CO、HC和NOx,以及颗粒物(PM)和CO2等主要污染物的排放进行了测量和对比研究,并对CO、HC、PM、NOx、CO2和苯系物等污染物的形成原因和减排机理进行了分析。和93#国Ⅲ普通汽油相比,93#国Ⅲ乙醇汽油(E10)排放的尾气中:CO降低了19.7%,HC降低了16.4%;和93#国Ⅳ普通汽油相比,93#国Ⅲ乙醇汽油(E10)排放的尾气中:CO降低了1.8%,HC降低了12.9%, CO2降低了2.4%。研究表明,乙醇汽油在减少CO、HC、NOx、颗粒物和苯系物等有毒物质排放方面具有显著功效,使用乙醇汽油可以减少环境污染物的排放,显著改善空气质量。     

一种新型铋基光催化剂的合成及其可见光催化性能

采用水热法合成铋基光催化剂Bi4VO8Br,通过X-射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜等手段对其进行表征.选择甲基橙为目标降解物来评价不同条件下合成的Bi4VO8Br在可见光下的光催化活性,发现pH 3、反应时间15 h、反应温度160℃为材料水热合成的最佳条件.考察了Bi4VO8Br在可见光及紫外光下对几种农药和增塑剂的光催化降解性能,显示了Bi4VO8Br对不易光解的含苯环有机物的可见光高活性.五氯酚的光催化过程影响因素优化结果表明,可见光和紫外光分别照射120 min和20 min,其降解率分别达到97%和99%,Bi4VO8Br表面上活性基团的捕获即空穴的氧化作用是主要反应原理.     

Coping with accelerating socio-technical systems

In 1997 a workshop was held on the subject of how to cope with accelerating technologies. These are industries such as aviation, air traffic control and biotechnology, amongst others, where the rate of technological development is significant. A number of papers were presented from a range of viewpoints and in a variety of different industrial contexts. The papers ranged from theoretical models to help understand the process of acceleration and its impact on organisational learning, to practical analyses of future potential risks in specific accelerating industries such as air traffic control. The aim of the papers and the workshop as a whole was to provide insight into the problems associated with accelerating technologies, and thereby derive measures to control or cope with such acceleration. The problems arising from acceleration, as predicted by the theoretical models and evidenced by experiences in accelerating industries (e.g. aviation) are manifold. Two examples of particular problems are unforeseen risks in an industry (a lack of forward vision), and a failure to learn adequately (i.e. in time) from incidents occurring in an organisation (a lack of constructive hindsight). There is also an incipient danger of society being driven by technology rather than being led by social needs. Even if each technology ultimately becomes ‘ultra-safe’, it will nevertheless have its own ‘event horizon’, limiting useful further progress. Each of the papers from the workshop is summarised and integrated into a three-part synopsis of the workshop. This covers the context of accelerating technologies, modelling their impacts, and deriving coping strategies. Four of the papers are included in their entirety as separate papers in their own right in this special issue of Safety Science.     

Fenton氧化去除制药企业活性污泥中AOX的效果研究

用Fenton氧化处理合成制药企业活性污泥混合液,考察了不同Fe~(2+)、H_2O_2投加量和不同反应时间下污泥与上清液中AOX(可吸附有机卤代物)的去除效果,优化了反应条件,探讨了氧化机制.结果表明,Fenton氧化的最佳条件为H_2O_2投加量0.90 mol·L~(-1),Fe~(2+)投加量0.045 mol·L~(-1)[物质的量比为:n(Fe~(2+))∶n(H_2O_2)=1∶20],反应2 h,污泥和上清液中AOX可分别去除70.7%和78.5%.GC-MS分析结果显示,污泥中含有11种有机卤代物,Fenton氧化后有8种不再检出;3种仍有检出,但浓度有所降低,去除率约为40%~50%.与此同时,污泥中对二甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯等非有机卤代物类有毒有害有机物也得到有效去除.     

一套民用固体燃料燃烧大气污染物排放测试系统的搭建和评测

为研究民用固体燃料燃烧的大气污染物排放特征,设计了一套箱式稀释采样测试系统.相比于常用的烟罩法和烟道采样法,该系统能减小环境空气中颗粒物对测试结果的影响,同时收集了炉具泄漏的烟气,能更准确获得固体燃料燃烧的大气污染物排放水平.本文介绍了该系统的设计思路、主要结构组成和测试系统的性能评估结果.评估结果表明:进气经过滤后颗粒物浓度显著下降至约1μg·m-3,远小于燃烧过程中排放的颗粒物浓度(约100μg·m-3),有效减少环境空气中颗粒物对测试结果的干扰;使用箱式法测得PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子结果均高于箱体敞开的对照组测试,证明箱式法收集测试了燃烧时泄漏至室内的污染物,有效减少污染物泄漏造成的误差.利用该系统测试了12种常见民用煤和3种生物质燃料燃烧PM_(2.5)、SO2、NOx等污染物排放水平,其中民用煤PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子分别为0.23~3.40 mg·g~(-1)、0.48~6.15 mg·g~(-1)和0.16~1.09 mg·g~(-1),生物质燃料的PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子分别为6.26~39.76 mg·g~(-1)、0.04~0.23 mg·g~(-1)和0.05~0.76 mg·g~(-1).     

美国排水综合毒性在有毒污染物排放控制中的应用方法与启示

简要介绍了排水综合毒性(whole effluent toxicity,WET)在美国的发展概况和相关技术指南、规范等内容,剖析了WET在美国水中有毒污染物排放控制中的应用方法,主要包括确定适用的WET基准与标准、表征废水特性以评价排水潜在毒性、计算WET排放限值和进行毒性削减评价。美国针对以上每个环节的工作都建立了一套科学的方法体系,为我国开展水中有毒污染物的排放控制管理提供了重要借鉴,即明确排污许可的核心地位,完善我国水中污染物排放控制管理制度;建立基于水环境质量的水污染物排放控制管理体系及方法;加强WET监测研究工作,确定WET用于水中有毒污染物排放控制的方法体系。     

电化学法处理苯酚模拟废水的研究

电化学法处理废水中有机污染物,具有效率高、操作简便、与环境兼容等优点,是一种很有潜力的高级氧化技术。实验是以废旧一号干电池中的碳棒作电极,用烧杯作电解池,在室温下,通过改变支持电解质（Na2SO4）浓度、负载电压、pH值和苯酚初始浓度等影响因素,对苯酚模拟废水进行电化学处理,利用高效液相色谱仪对其处理效果进行了分析研究,结果表明：支持电解质（Na2SO4）浓度为20.0g/L、负载电压为5.5V、pH值为8.0是处理苯酚模拟废水的最佳条件。最后对苯酚的降解机理进行了初步探讨。     

偏远地区大气中持久性有机污染物研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)在偏远地区大气中的分布与迁移已经成为大气POPs研究的热点.基于被动采样技术的大尺度POPs监测网络已经应用于偏远地区大气POPs的研究之中.其研究成果显示,最近50～60年以来,大气中POPs浓度的最大峰值出现在80年代左右,而80年代之后大气中POPs的浓度日趋减小.这说明各国陆续禁用POPs之后,大气中POPs的浓度有显著降低的趋势.受温度和季节性使用的影响,大气POPs的浓度呈现明显的季节性变化特点:有机氯农药的浓度主要表现为夏季高而冬季低;多环芳烃的浓度则主要表现为冬季高而夏季低.基于POPs高挥发性和长距离大气传输的特点,POPs可以在全球范围内广泛分布,而高海拔地区由于气温较低,使其相对于低海拔地区成为了POPs的"接收器".大气POPs分布和迁移受温度、降水、气候事件的影响.而且POPs在大气与不同下垫面之间的界面交换的方向、速度和通量也主要受环境温度和POPs的挥发能力的制约.综合大气POPs迁移与气候因素、界面特点之间的关系建立了多介质、大尺度的大气POPs归趋模型.模型的建立和POPs来源的明确使大气POPs传输机制的研究逐渐深入.此外还讨论了目前大气POPs研究中存在着的一些亟待解决的问题,并提出该领域未来可能的发展趋势.     

城市土地置换过程中土壤有机污染物健康影响度评价

城市化过程中日益严峻的土壤污染已成为制约城市土地可持续开发利用的主要因素,而有机物已成为土壤中重要的污染物. 在我国目前缺乏相关环境质量标准的背景下,选择某区域土地置换开发为案例,尝试采用人体健康影响度评价法,对城市土地置换中土壤有机污染物可能给未来入住人群健康带来的潜在危害进行了分析与定量评价,识别出该区域土壤有机污染物以2,4-二硝基酚、五氯酚以及PAHs为主. 需要指出的是,参与评价的有机污染物仅为被检出有机污染物总量的一部分,因此评价结果中的健康影响度可能较实际数值偏低. 随着环境管理工作的深入进行,在城市土地置换过程中应逐步加强环境健康风险评价的研究.       

Estimating emissions from crop residue open burning in China based on statistics and MODIS fire products

With the objective of reducing the large uncertainties in the estimations of emissions from crop residue open burning, an improved method for establishing emission inventories of crop residue open burning at a high spatial resolution of 0.25°× 0.25° and a temporal resolution of1 month was established based on the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) Thermal Anomalies/Fire Daily Level3 Global Product(MOD/MYD14A1). Agriculture mechanization ratios and regional crop-specific grain-to-straw ratios were introduced to improve the accuracy of related activity data. Locally observed emission factors were used to calculate the primary pollutant emissions. MODIS satellite data were modified by combining them with county-level agricultural statistical data, which reduced the influence of missing fire counts caused by their small size and cloud cover. The annual emissions of CO_2, CO, CH_4,nonmethane volatile organic compounds(NMVOCs), N_2O, NO_x, NH_3, SO_2, fine particles(PM2.5),organic carbon(OC), and black carbon(BC) were 150.40, 6.70, 0.51, 0.88, 0.01, 0.13, 0.07, 0.43,1.09, 0.34, and 0.06 Tg, respectively, in 2012. Crop residue open burning emissions displayed typical seasonal and spatial variation. The highest emission regions were the Yellow-Huai River and Yangtse-Huai River areas, and the monthly emissions were highest in June(37%).Uncertainties in the emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range from a low of within ±126% for N_2O to a high of within ± 169% for NH_3.