西南地区某已封场非规范垃圾填埋场垃圾稳定化进程分析

以重庆某非规范填埋场为例,针对西南地区已封场非规范垃圾填埋场的稳定化进程进行了分析。按照场地布局选取4个采样点,在垃圾体上进行钻孔取样,分析不同深度的垃圾样pH值、有机质、含水率、生物可降解度以及垃圾样浸出液和填埋气组成以及各个指标随着填埋深度的变化规律,确定不同深度垃圾体的稳定化程度。结果表明,场内垃圾已呈现矿化垃圾特征;有机质、BDM、浸出液COD以及填埋气CH4含量等4个指标与填埋深度均较好地符合一级降解反应,可以预测垃圾体稳定化临界填埋深度。根据有机质、BDM、浸出液COD以及填埋气CH4含量等4个指标与填埋深度一级降解反应函数预测临界稳定化深度为15 m,与实测值判定的稳定化填埋深度相一致性。在对非规范垃圾填埋场场地利用过程中,需要先对未稳定的上层垃圾进行清理,并在已稳定的底层垃圾体上充填其他稳定介质后利用该地块。     

微波辅助双氧水氧化降解水中磺胺二甲嘧啶

采用微波辐照技术辅助双氧水氧化降解水中磺胺二甲嘧啶（SM2）,研究了微波辅助双氧水氧化降解水中SM2的影响因素。结果表明,单纯使用微波辐照并不能显著降解SM2,而微波辐照可显著促进双氧水对SM2的氧化作用,提高SM2的降解率。在初始浓度为50 mg/L,微波功率为900 W,加入0.25 mL质量分数为30%的双氧水,pH值为4的条件下辐照6 min,SM2的降解率可达96.5%,COD去除率为72%。     

三峡库首地区土壤养分状况与年际变化

三峡库区长期以来人地矛盾突出,蓄水和移民搬迁使土地资源进一步减少,过度开发引起的土壤肥力下降和生态退化问题日趋严重。通过布点调查和土壤取样,对秭归县水田坝乡区域不同海拔高度和农业土地利用管理方式土壤养分状况及其变化趋势进行分析。结果表明: 研究区域内山地农业已普遍采用梯田进行保护性耕作,海拔600~700 m区域主要开辟为脐橙园,700~900 m区域山地主要种植常规作物;研究区域土壤有明显粗骨化和沙质化特性,其肥力特征是蓄水力偏弱,持水保肥性较差,但通气和透水性好,易耕作;研究区域土壤有机质含量偏低,中高海拔区域土壤有机质、全氮含量相对较高,而低海拔区域土壤全磷、全钾含量较高;坡改梯有利于改善土壤肥力状况,提高土壤氮磷养分含量;根据2005~2010年研究结果,研究区域土壤肥力退化趋势仍未得到控制,同时因水土流失和化肥大量使用,该区域大多数土壤有机质含量、全氮、全磷和全钾含量呈降低趋势,而土壤速效养分含量有增高趋势     

考虑滑移的锈蚀混凝土偏压构件抗弯刚度模型

对锈蚀混凝土偏压构件抗弯刚度退化的影响因素进行了研究,采用刚度解析法对粘结性能退化后偏压构件的截面刚度进行了理论分析,引入了锈蚀钢筋滑移的粘结退化综合影响系数,建立了考虑滑移的锈蚀钢筋混凝土偏压构件抗弯刚度的计算模型。经试验验证,模型的抗弯刚度计算值与试验实测值结果吻合较好,故模型计算值可为锈蚀混凝土偏心受压构件性能的评估提供参考。     

Degradation of ethylenethiourea pesticide metabolite from water by photocatalytic processes

In this study, photocatalytic (photo-Fenton and H₂O₂/UV) and dark Fenton processes were used to remove ethylenethiourea (ETU) from water. The experiments were conducted in a photo-reactor with an 80 W mercury vapor lamp. The mineralization of ETU was determined by total organic carbon analysis, and ETU degradation was qualitatively monitored by the reduction of UV absorbance at 232 nm. A higher mineralization efficiency was obtained by using the photo-peroxidation process (UV/H₂O₂). Approximately 77% of ETU was mineralized within 120 min of the reaction using [H₂O₂]₀ = 400 mg L^?1. The photo-Fenton process mineralized 70% of the ETU with [H₂O₂]₀ = 800 mg L^?1 and [Fe²⁺] = 400 mg L^?1, and there is evidence that hydrogen peroxide was the limiting reagent in the reaction because it was rapidly consumed. Moreover, increasing the concentration of H₂O₂ from 800 mg L^?1 to 1200 mg L^?1 did not enhance the degradation of ETU. Kinetics studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order model best fit the experimental conditions. The k values for the UV/H₂O₂ and photo-Fenton processes were determined to be 6.2 × 10^?4 mg L^?1 min^?1 and 7.7 × 10^?4 mg L^?1 min^?1, respectively. The mineralization of ETU in the absence of hydrogen peroxide has led to the conclusion that ETU transformation products are susceptible to photolysis by UV light. These are promising results for further research. The processes that were investigated can be used to remove pesticide metabolites from drinking water sources and wastewater in developing countries.     

The persistence of insecticidal chemicals in soils treated with granular formulations of disulfoton and their uptake by potato plants

Abstract

Potatoes were grown from cut seed in Plainfield sand treated in‐furrow with disulfoton (Di‐Syston 15G, 3.36 kg Al/ha) in 1983 and from whole seed in similarly treated loam in 1991. Soils were contained in 2 m² field plots. Soil, seed potato and foliage were analyzed for the insecticide and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites during the 8–12 wk following planting. Disulfoton disappeared at different rates from the two soils (k_sand=0.024 day^‐1, k_loam=0.056 day^‐1) with partial conversion to the sulfoxide and sulfone in both. Larger quantities of the three insecticidal components were absorbed by the seed potato in the cut‐seed/sand combination. The relative amounts of these components in the seed potato also differed between treatments with disulfoton being the largest component of the cut‐seed/sand and smallest in the whole‐seed/loam. Disulfoton sulfoxide and sulfone were the major insecticidal components of the foliage and concentrations in the initial foliage (each ca. 10 ppm) were similar for both treatments. Sulfoxide concentrations in the foliage decreased more rapidly than the sulfone and the decrease in concentration of each of the components was similar for the two treatments.     

Biodegradation of Trifluralin in Harran Soil

Abstract

Degradation of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) was investigated in soils taken from three different locations at Harran region of Turkey under laboratory conditions. Surface (0–10 cm) soils, which were taken from a pesticide untreated field Gürgelen, Harran-1 and Ikizce regions in the Harran Plain, were incubated in biometer flasks for 350 days at 25°C. Ring-UL-¹⁴C-trifluralin was applied at the rate of 2 µg g^?1 with 78.7 kBq radioactivity per 100 g soil flask. Evolved ¹⁴CO₂ was monitored in KOH traps throughout the experiment. Periodically, soil sub-samples were removed and extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Unextractable soil-bound ¹⁴C residues were determined by combustion. During the 350 days incubation period 6.6, 5.4, and 3.3% of the applied radiocarbon was evolved as ¹⁴CO₂ from the Harran-1, Gürgelen, and Ikizce soil, respectively. At the end of 350 days the SFE-extractable and bound ¹⁴C-trifluralin residues were 39.0 and 29.2% of the initially applied herbicide in Gürgelen soil. The corresponding values for Harran-1 and Ikizce soils were 36.2, 28.4% and 41.6, 18.5% respectively.     

Carbofuran degradation in soil profiles

Abstract

Two soils, Puyallup fine sandy loam from Puyallup, WA, and Ellzey fine sand from Hastings, FL, each with a prior history of carbofiiran exposure but with different pedological and climatological characteristics, were found to exhibit enhanced degradation toward carbofiiran in surface and subsurface soil layers. The treated Puyallup and Ellzey soils exhibited higher mineralization rates for both the carbonyl and the aromatic ring of carbofiiran when compared to untreated soils. Disappearance rates of [¹⁴C‐URL (uniformly ring labeled)] carbofiiran in the treated Ellzey soil was faster than in untreated soil, and also faster in surface soil than in subsurface soil. Initial degradation patterns in the treated Ellzey soil were also different from those in the untreated soil. The treated Ellzey soil degraded carbofuran mainly through biological hydrolysis, while untreated soil degraded carbofuran through both oxidative and hydrolytic processes.     

2株油烟降解优势菌株的筛选及性能研究

通过以油烟冷凝液为惟一碳源的选择培养基初筛,从长期受到油烟严重污染的土壤中筛选出具有降解油烟污染物能力的优势菌株XJ01、XJ03。研究了其最佳生长条件及降解性能,并对其进行了生理生化特征及分子生物学鉴定。研究表明,XJ01、XJ03最佳生长温度分别为35℃、30℃,最佳生长pH均为7,摇床转速均为120r／min,最佳降解时间分别为48h和36h;在最佳降解条件下,xJ01、XJ03总降解量分别达4．47113g／L和4．18ing／L,降解过程中,降解液pH值持续下降,生物量先增加后下降。经分子生物学鉴定,菌株XJ01、XJ03分别与铜绿假单胞菌群（Pseudomonasaeruginosagroup）和克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiellasp．）同源性最高均达到100％。     

Atrazine degradation in a containerized rhizosphere system

Abstract

The effect of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) on rhizosphere microorganisms and its fate in a containerized rhizosphere system was studied. The rhizosphere system consisted of corn grown in pot containing a defined potting mix of sand and bark with atrazine. Sterilized potting mix and a container without plants served as controls. Atrazine was extracted and analyzed via HPLC. Fluorescent pseudomonad populations increased 100‐fold in the rhizposphere during a 60‐day incubation period as compared to the nonvegetated control. Atrazine degradation was higher in the rhizosphere system (half‐life of 7 days) compared to the nonvegetated control (half‐life of greater than 45 days). The major degradation product detected in the rhizosphere system was deisopropylatrazine; other products detected included deethylatrazine, deethylhydroxyatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and hydroxyatrazine. Hydroxyatrazine was detected in the nonvegetated and sterile controls. The containerized rhizosphere system provides an experimental system to study the fate of pesticidal chemicals as well as the effects on microbial populations.