深井受限空间内作业人员的眼动特征研究

为探索能反映深井受限空间对作业者影响程度的眼动指标,为井下行为安全管理提供依据,将20名眼动指标相近的成员随机分为A,B两组,分别在普通环境中和高温深井环境中开展实验,以文献摘要为刺激材料,运用Tobii X2-30眼动仪进行眼动测量,运用单因素多元方差分析及多重比较法分析眼动数据。发现注视点总数、总注视时间、眼跳次数和总眼跳时间指标的差异有显著性,B组值大于A组;注视点平均注视时间、平均眨眼时间、平均瞳孔直径和总眼跳时间占比等指标无显著差异;两组被试的注视轨迹变化显著,因此 对井下人员的生理信息采集应当注重5个关键的眼动指标。     

地表移动动态实时模拟及可视化

将地表动态沉陷变形过程划分为两个阶段,提出了经验比例系数,以此为基础对地表移动动态基本微分方程式进行修正,解决了原有时间函数模拟曲线与实际情况不符的问题。通过观测站实测数据和改进的时间函数,采用visual C++面向对象可视化编程进行前台处理,采用Access数据库管理系统进行后台管理,利用MFC ODBC类实现前台和后台之间的通讯,建立了基于客户机/服务器模式下的地表移动动态实时观测系统。计算结果表明,该方法能反映地表移动的动态特征,对指导开采设计和选择地面建筑物保护措施具有较大的实用价值。     

Song amplitude and body size in birds

Bird song is a sexually selected multidimensional signal. A fundamental question regarding the evolution of sexually selected signals is what information they convey and how their honesty is maintained. Song amplitude is a performance-related signal trait that varies considerably between individuals, but this signal dimension has been neglected in past studies. I found that median song amplitude in male nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos) and zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) did not vary significantly with body size or residual body mass. In contrast, I found a significant negative correlation between body size (and also residual mass) and the maximum song amplitude during interactive singing in nightingales. However, the function of these more subtle differences in song amplitude remains to be investigated. By and large, the results of this study suggest that mean song amplitude is unlikely to indicate a bird’s body size or current condition (measured as residual mass).     

Animal social networks: an introduction

Network analysis has a long history in the mathematical and social sciences and the aim of this introduction is to provide a brief overview of the potential that it holds for the study of animal behaviour. One of the most attractive features of the network paradigm is that it provides a single conceptual framework with which we can study the social organisation of animals at all levels (individual, dyad, group, population) and for all types of interaction (aggressive, cooperative, sexual etc.). Graphical tools allow a visual inspection of networks which often helps inspire ideas for testable hypotheses. Network analysis itself provides a multitude of novel statistical tools that can be used to characterise social patterns in animal populations. Among the important insights that networks have facilitated is that indirect social connections matter. Interactions between individuals generate a social environment at the population level which in turn selects for behavioural strategies at the individual level. A social network is often a perfect means by which to represent heterogeneous relationships in a population. Probing the biological drivers for these heterogeneities, often as a function of time, forms the basis of many of the current uses of network analysis in the behavioural sciences. This special issue on social networks brings together a diverse group of practitioners whose study systems range from social insects over reptiles to birds, cetaceans, ungulates and primates in order to illustrate the wide-ranging applications of network analysis. This contribution is part of the special issue “Social Networks: new perspectives” (Guest Editors: J. Krause, D. Lusseau and R. James).     

A new index for measuring perpendicularity of animal movements in relation to patch boundaries

We introduce a new index for measuring perpendicularity of animal movements with respect to a boundary (e.g., a habitat patch edge), and provide a computer algorithm for its calculation. Our index, η, improves on an approach that measures perpendicularity with respect to a fixed boundary direction. This is because η accounts for moment-to-moment trajectories relative to nearest-neighbor boundary attributes at the scale of an animal's movement. Our algorithm prp calculates η efficiently and accurately with both synthetic data and large telemetry datasets. In addition, we have included routines in prp which account for scenarios inherently problematic to perpendicularity estimators.     

内循环颗粒污泥床硝化反应器流体力学特征研究

对内循环颗粒污泥床硝化反应器中的气含率和液体运动速率进行了试验研究 ,建立了分别基于流体力学平衡原理及反应器能量输入与消耗平衡方程的气含率和液体运动速率的机理性数学模型 .根据试验数据 ,在相对误差分别为 4 78%和6 5 3%的情况下对上述模型进行了参数估计 .在实际运行中 ,通过所建模型对反应器中的气含率和液体运动速率进行有效调控 ,可实现反应器的高效稳定运行.     

火灾情况下竖井中性面多区域模型

建立了竖井侧向连续开缝和竖井侧向连续开缝及上部开口两种情况下竖井中性面位置的多区域模型,并根据火灾情况下竖井内温度的分布规律对多区域模型进行了简化。根据竖井内温度竖向分布,将竖井划分为多个区域,在Klote模型的基础上推导出竖井中性面高度。通过CFD数值模拟,将Klote模型、双区域模型及多区域模型与模拟结果进行对比,结果可知多区域模型误差最小。     

重庆祺龙村垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染特性

针对重庆祺龙村垃圾填埋场特有的水文地质条件建立相应的数学模型,确定模型的初始条件和边界条件,并进行区域离散.采用已建立的数学模型模拟有监测资料时段的渗滤液ρ(COD_Cr)和地下水水位,并把模拟值与实测值进行对比,校正模型;当模拟值与实测值较接近时,得到比较符合客观实际的数学模型.最后采用已验证的符合客观实际的数学模型,定量模拟和分析了垃圾填埋场场内、外,南、北边,以及两侧渗滤液ρ(COD_Cr)的变化,从而得到祺龙村垃圾填埋场渗滤液的污染特性.结果表明:填埋场内渗滤液污染最大,其次是南边部位,之后依次是第四纪松散堆积层,砂岩、泥岩分布区;断层是渗滤液污染物运移的通道,在其他条件相同的情况下,断层通过处及其附近污染程度大.      

三江平原典型小叶章湿地土壤中硝态氮水平运移的模拟研究

选择三江平原小叶章湿地不同水分带上草甸沼泽土和腐殖质沼泽土2种土壤类型作为研究对象,以KNO3为示踪剂,模拟研究硝态氮在湿地土壤中的水平运移过程。结果表明,2种土壤各土层硝态氮水平运移浓度和速率均与运移距离呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）,并随运移距离增加呈一阶指数衰减曲线变化,各土层硝态氮水平运移速率主要受浓度梯度、水势梯度及土壤基质势的控制;土壤各土层中硝态氮水平运移速率与土壤含水量呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）,并随土壤含水量增加呈指数增长曲线变化;土壤各土层中硝态氮水平运移浓度与土壤水分扩散率呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）,0—20cm土层硝态氮水平运移浓度随水分扩散率升高呈Boltzmann曲线变化,其他土层则呈指数增长曲线变化;草甸沼泽土比腐殖质沼泽土相应土层更利于硝态氮的水平运移,这主要与土层颗粒组成和孔隙度等物理性质的显著差异有关,而湿地水文条件可能对2种土壤物理性质的塑造有着重要影响。     

电梯轿厢意外移动保护装置检验的研究

为厘清制造单位和检验机构对轿厢意外移动保护装置的认识,达到降低生产成本,提高检验质量的目的,本文从轿厢意外移动保护装置的组成和各子系统的作用,结合《电梯制造与安装安全规范》国家标准第1号修改单(GB 7588-2003/XG1-2015)对轿厢意外移动保护装置的要求,按轿厢意外移动保护装置子系统的组合分成3类电梯,并根据电梯类型提出合理的检验方法,研究结果表明:使用非驱动主机制动器做制停子系统的电梯,需要检验与检测子系统和制停子系统相关的项目;使用驱动主机制动器做制停子系统的电梯,需要检验与检测子系统、制停子系统和自监测子系统相关的项目;不需要检测轿厢意外移动的电梯,需要检验与制停子系统和自监测子系统相关的项目.