新型污染物卤代咔唑的环境行为及生态毒理效应

卤代咔唑(PHCs)是一类与多氯二苯并呋喃结构相类似的新型环境有机污染物.单种卤素取代的PHCs具有135个同系物.绝大多数PHCs不是人类合成化学品或工业品.虽然20世纪80年代即首次在环境中发现PHCs,但直到本世纪这类化合物才逐渐引起人们的关注.近年来,20余种PHCs在河流湖泊沉积物和土壤中被陆续检出.另外,PHCs具有类二噁英毒性、持久性和生物累积性.作为一类新型污染物,PHCs的环境行为研究目前相对较少.因此,了解PHCs的环境分布、来源和生态毒理效应对正确认识这类化合物的环境风险具有重要意义.本文综述了PHCs的环境分布、来源、分析方法和生态毒理效应,并对其未来的研究发展方向作了展望.     

北天堂垃圾污染场地氧化还原分带及污染物自然衰减研究

通过对北京市北天堂垃圾填埋场周围实际监测数据资料的分析,研究了垃圾填埋污染场地的氧化还原分带和污染物的自然衰减作用.结果表明,北天堂垃圾填埋污染场地存在氧化还原分带现象,依据各氧化还原带标志性物质浓度的分布规律和特点划分了5个氧化还原带,即产甲烷带、硫酸盐还原带、铁还原带、硝酸盐还原带和氧还原带.不同有机污染物在不同的氧化还原带中的衰减不同;挥发酚和氰化物在硫酸盐还原带中的含量相对较高,分别为0.005和0.019 μg/L;Cr、Pb、Ni、As、Cu、Cd、Zn和Mn等重金属在产甲烷带中的含量相对较高,分别为25.11、 33.82、 29.93、 3.18、 2.3、 0.1、 283.1、 1 220　μg/L.因此,氧化还原带对污染物的衰减起重要作用.     

Tissue-specific congener composition of organohalogen and metabolite contaminants in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

Congener patterns of the major organohalogen contaminant classes of PCBs, PBDEs and their metabolites and/or by-products (OH-PCBs, MeSO2-PCBs, OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) were examined in adipose tissue, liver, brain and blood of East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). PCB, OH-PCB, MeSO2-PCB and PBDE congener patterns showed significant differences (p相似文献   

黄河水体颗粒物对石油类污染物生物降解过程的影响研究

采用模拟实验的方法，研究黄河水体颗粒物对石油类污染物生物降解速率的影响及影响机制．结果表明．水体颗粒物的存在显著影响石油类污染物的生物降解过程，且在降解的不同阶段表现出不同的影响效果；其影响机制主要包括：颗粒物的存在影响体系中石油降解菌的生长，且固液两相中石油降解菌的生长规律不同，颗粒物影响石油类污染物在固液两相的分配，两相中石油类污染物的降解动力学不同，液相的降解符合一级动力学规律，而固相的降解符合3/4级反应动力学规律．     

水中阴离子表面活性剂的偶氮红滴定法测定

采用偶氮红两相滴定法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂,有效地消除了环境水体中硬度、蛋白质、淀粉及非离子表面活性剂的干扰。其平均回收率为100.6％,相对标准偏差为1.0％。     

水中阴离子表面活性剂的测量不确定度评定

简要介绍了测量不确定度的概念，运用《测量不确定度评定与表示》的技术规范，通过对阴离子表面活性剂的测定过程，分析了影响阴离子表面活性剂测量不确定度的因素，给出了相对标准不确定度分量，并具体阐明了测量不确定度的评定步骤，得出测量扩展不确定度的结果。     

Comparisons of coarse and fine versions of two carbons for reducing the bioavailabilities of sediment-bound hydrophobic organic contaminants

Coarse (whole) and finely ground Ambersorb 1500 and coarse and fine coconut charcoal were compared as to their efficiencies in scavenging organic contaminants desorbed from sediment. Aqueous slurries of a test sediment spiked (1 ppm) with p,p^′-DDE (DDE), 2,2^′,5,5^′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), naphthalene (NAP), or phenanthrene (PHEN), and containing 1% levels of the test carbons were treated by shaking at 35 °C while exposed to clusters of low-density polyethylene membrane (detox spiders). Controls consisted of spiked sediments and detox spiders but no added carbon of any kind and thus represented unimpeded bioavailabilities (to the spiders). After the treatments––agitation periods from 2.5 to 60 h, depending on contaminant hydrophobicity––the exposed detox spiders were analyzed. The fine carbon of either type was more effective than its coarser variant in obstructing contaminant bioavailabilities. The finer variants of both carbons obstructed the bioavailabilities of NAP and PHEN equally well as did the coarser variants of both. Whole Ambersorb 1500 and coarse coconut charcoal were similarly ineffective in intercepting TCB and DDE. Ground Ambersorb 1500 obstructed virtually all bioavailability of all four contaminants and was far more effective than fine coconut charcoal in intercepting DDE and TCB. An additional experiment compared the effectiveness of ground Ambersorb 1500 and fine coconut charcoal in obstructing the bioavailabilities from sediment of a broad array of spiked organochlorine pesticides. The performance of ground Ambersorb 1500 was again found to be superior; the bioavailable levels of each of the 27 pesticides were markedly lower in the presence of ground Ambersorb 1500 than in the presence of fine coconut charcoal.     

超声辐照对水中化学污染物的降解

超声辐照处理水中化学污染物取得了良好的效果，受到人们的关注。论述了超声辐照降解化学污染物的反应机理、降解速度、影响因素及超声辐照对微生物的影响；同时也指出了超声技术的发展方向和实际应用中面临的问题。     

Preliminary Studies on Converting Agricultural Waste into Biodegradable Plastics – Part III: Sawdust

Summary Hardwood sawdust was derivatized either by carboxymethylation, glutaration, maleiation, phthallation, or succination in order to produce anionic materials suitable for complexation with soy protein isolate. Blending each derivative with soy protein isolate resulted in instant precipitation of gels. Infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry suggested that each derivative formed a complex with protein. Reaction products could be dried into pellets exhibiting tensile strengths between 0.9–2.4 MPa, suggested that these materials could be promising candidates for biodegradable structural materials.     

基于QSAR关系预测PCBs和部分PAHs在LDPE中的扩散系数

分子扩散系数（D）是获得污染物与环境介质之间的平衡分配系数（K）的重要前提,然而通过实验测定获取污染物的扩散系数的过程过于繁琐,因此需开发一种更为简单、高效、准确的预测模型来定量预测扩散系数.为此,本文搜集了一些多环芳香烃（PAHs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）在低密度聚乙烯膜（LDPE）上扩散系数（log D）的实测值,基于定量结构-活性关系（QSAR）,利用逐步多元线性回归（MLR）构建了预测D值的模型.模型的决定系数R_adj²为0.941,交叉验证系数Q_LOO²为0.934,外部系数Q_ext²为0.895.结果表明,该QSAR模型具有良好的拟合优度、稳健性和预测能力,其可用来预测应用域内有机污染物在LDPE膜上的扩散系数.