On Assessing Decomposition Rates of Plant Debris and Standard Cellulose Samples in Tundra Communities

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

Is The Ca + K + Mg/Al Ratio in the Soil Solution a Predictive Tool for Estimating Forest Damage?

The ratio between (Ca +K +Mg) and Al in nutrientsolution has been suggested as a predictive tool forestimating tree growth disturbance. However, the ratiois unspecific in the sense that it is based on severalelements which are all essential for plant growth;each of these may be growth-limiting. Furthermore,aluminium retards growth at higher concentrations. Itis therefore difficult to give causal and objectivebiological explanations for possible growthdisturbances. The importance of the proportion ofbase-cations to N, at a fixed base-cation/Al ratio, isevaluated with regard to growth of Picea abies.The uptake of elements was found to be selective;nutrients were taken up while most Al remained insolution. Biomass partitioning to the roots increasedafter aluminium addition with low proportions of basecations to nitrogen. We conclude that the low growthrates depend on nutrient limitation in thesetreatments. Low growth rates in the high proportionexperiments may be explained by high internal Alconcentrations. The results strongly suggest thatgrowth rate is not correlated with the ratio in therooting medium and question the validity of usingratios as predictive tools for estimating forestdamage. We suggest that growth limitation of Picea abies in the field may depend on lowproportions of base cations to nitrate. It istherefore important to know the nutritional status ofthe plant material in relation to the growth potentialand environmental limitation to be able to predict andestimate forest damage.     

催化分解臭氧的方法及催化剂性能概述

臭氧作为一种有毒物质广泛存在于人们生活环境中,当其浓度超过0.06mg/m^3时,对人体就有害了。因此对臭氧的分解十分必要。本文介绍了多种分解臭氧的方法,并着重介绍 催化分解法。对各种氧分解催化剂的组成、制备方法及活性作一综述。     

Accounting for rate instability and spatial patterns in the boundary analysis of cancer mortality maps

Boundary analysis of cancer maps may highlight areas where causative exposures change through geographic space, the presence of local populations with distinct cancer incidences, or the impact of different cancer control methods. Too often, such analysis ignores the spatial pattern of incidence or mortality rates and overlooks the fact that rates computed from sparsely populated geographic entities can be very unreliable. This paper proposes a new methodology that accounts for the uncertainty and spatial correlation of rate data in the detection of significant edges between adjacent entities or polygons. Poisson kriging is first used to estimate the risk value and the associated standard error within each polygon, accounting for the population size and the risk semivariogram computed from raw rates. The boundary statistic is then defined as half the absolute difference between kriged risks. Its reference distribution, under the null hypothesis of no boundary, is derived through the generation of multiple realizations of the spatial distribution of cancer risk values. This paper presents three types of neutral models generated using methods of increasing complexity: the common random shuffle of estimated risk values, a spatial re-ordering of these risks, or p-field simulation that accounts for the population size within each polygon. The approach is illustrated using age-adjusted pancreatic cancer mortality rates for white females in 295 US counties of the Northeast (1970–1994). Simulation studies demonstrate that Poisson kriging yields more accurate estimates of the cancer risk and how its value changes between polygons (i.e., boundary statistic), relatively to the use of raw rates or local empirical Bayes smoother. When used in conjunction with spatial neutral models generated by p-field simulation, the boundary analysis based on Poisson kriging estimates minimizes the proportion of type I errors (i.e., edges wrongly declared significant) while the frequency of these errors is predicted well by the p-value of the statistical test.

Analysis and decomposition of condensed tannins in tree leaves

The decomposition of leaf litter is controlled by several factors. One factor that may play an important role is the content of condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins). Here we designed a combined method to isolate proanthocyanidins from leaf extracts, to convert them to anthocyanidins, and to quantify individual anthocyanidins exactly with a new, simple, but sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method. We used this method to show composition of proanthocyanidins and to monitor degradation of proanthocyanidins and individual constituents in leaf litter in an aquatic environment over time. Despite the rapid decrease in the initial concentrations, a fraction of the proanthocyanidins remained detectable for several weeks.     

An assessment of how distance and diesel oxidation catalyst will impact thermal decomposition behaviors of particles

Decomposition mass loss and pyrolysis products analyses of particles sampled at various locations along the tailpipe of a Euro-IV diesel engine were performed using a thermogravimetry in conjunction with Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry-mass spectrum. Diesel particles were collected at the same location with and without diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) mounted on the test engine separately. The three poles in thermal gravity-differential thermal gravity images suggested that the decomposition process of diesel particles could be divided into three stages which correspond to the decompositions of lower boiling substances, higher boiling substances and soot respectively. It is noticed that no matter whether DOC was mounted or not, the further the particles were sampled away from the engine block, the lower the peak temperatures and the heavier the mass losses within the first two stages, which indicated that the soluble organic fraction in the particle samples increased and therefore lowering the activation energy of thermal decomposition. Hydroxyl, ammonia, C_xH_y fragments, benzene, toluene, and phenol were found to be the primary products of particle decomposition, which didn't change with the location of particle sample point. The employment of DOC increased the activation energy for particle oxidation and resulted in a higher peak temperature and lower mass loss within the first-stage. Moreover, the CO stretching bands of aldehyde and ketone at 1771 cm^?1 was only detected without a DOC, while the NO₂ peak at 1634 cm^?1 was solely noticed with the presence of DOC. Compared to the first-stage pyrolysis products, more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and less C_xH_y fragments were seen in the second-stage.     

利用逆向轨迹反演模式估算北京地区甲烷源强

利用连续监测的大气甲烷浓度数据和拉格朗日逆向轨迹反演模式估算出北京甲烷源排放强度，并与根据最新调查数据建立的北京地区甲烷源排放清单进行了比较。排放清单结果表明，北京地区甲烷排放总量为296．4Gg/a，其中，最主要的甲烷排放源为城市垃圾和化石燃料，反映了北京作为一特大城市甲烷排放以人为源为主的特点。利用2000年6月至12月连续观测的有湿合层代表性的北京大气甲烷浓度，通过奇异值分解法（Singular Value Decomposition，SVD）反演出模拟区域的甲烷排放源强度和分布。模式计算与排放清单在甲烷源定性分布上对应较好，定量结果也是合理的。但由于可输入的气象数据有限，轨迹在整个模拟区域内覆盖不均匀，反演出的源块位置有偏差，其中偏差最大的为煤矿的甲烷排放。     

杭州市区机动车污染物排放特征及分担率

选取杭州市区绕城高速、快速路、主干道和民用支路4种典型道路进行工况测试,建立了2010年机动车CO、HC、NOx和PM10排放清单,获得了分车型、燃料类型、排放标准以及道路类型的机动车污染物排放分担率.结果表明,杭州市机动车的污染物排放分担率差别显著,乘用车、出租车和公交车是CO和HC排放的主要来源,重型货车和公交车是NOx和PM10排放的主要来源,且乘用车的NOx排放分担率也较大;柴油车的NOx和PM10的排放分担率远大于其保有量的贡献率,是其排放的主要来源,汽油车是CO和HC排放的主要来源;占保有量30%的国0和国I车辆,对CO、HC、NOx和PM10排放分担率分别为67%、69%、58%和82%;主干道是机动车CO、HC和NOx排放的主要来源,其排放分担率分别为66%、65%和64%,民用支路是PM10排放的主要来源,分担率为55%.     

沉水植物黑藻腐解过程中营养盐释放过程

为探究沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放规律,采用黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata Royle)作为研究用沉水植物,在实验室内模拟了黑藻在初春温度下腐解过程中的主要营养盐碳、氮、磷的释放过程.结果表明:黑藻在试验初期迅速腐解,该过程中向水体释放大量碳(81.31%)、氮(81.62%)、磷(85.94%).但随着时间的推移,黑藻向水体释放的磷大部分沉积进入底泥,而氮有部分沉积进入底泥,同时有部分以气体形式移出水体.黑藻腐烂分解产生的厌氧条件以及高TOC供给促进水体反硝化作用加快氮素移出水体.但是较大生物残留量会引起水体缺氧,植物残体分解加剧,导致水质严重恶化,因此需要适时收割水生植物来控制水体残留生物量.     

Ni2+改性的Cu-ZSM-5催化分解NO的性能

研究 Ni²⁺改性的 Cu^- ZSM-5催化剂在无氧和有氧气氛下的 NO分解反应性能 ,考察 Ni²⁺的加入量及加入方式对 Cu-ZSM-5催化剂 NO分解活性的影响 .结果表明 ,先交换适量 Ni²⁺再交换 Cu²⁺的 Ni-Cu-ZSM-5催化剂较单组分 Cu-ZSM-5催化剂有较高的高温 (500℃～600℃) NO分解活性 .在含 5.5% O₂ 的反应气氛中 ,Ni-Cu-ZSM-5在 500℃下的 NO分解率较之 Cu-ZSM-5高出约 20% ,Ni²⁺的引入显著提高了催化剂的抗氧活性 .就 Ni²⁺对 Cu-ZSM-5催化剂的可能改性机制进行了讨论 .