滨海化工区废水预处理去毒技术耦合工艺研究

化工产业是天津滨海新区重要的支柱产业,该行业废水是滨海污染物控制的主要威胁。针对常规单一方法存在的问题,试验选取滨海某化工区实际废水从内电解-Fenton、内电解-混凝、内电解-超声及微波强化氧化-光催化4种耦合去毒预处理工艺进行了研究。试验表明,与传统方法相比,内电解-Fenton法中H2O2的加入增加了污染物的降解途径,提高了对污染物的去除效率;内电解-混凝法对于制药废水的生物毒性有比较好的去除作用,不加PAM或Ca(OH)2的效果更佳;内电解-超声法对制药废水的生物毒性去除率可达92%,其可生化性提高45%;微波强化氧化-光催化法对大多数难降解物质有效,而对酚类物质降解效果不佳。     

污水处理技术的新发展

概述了污水处理的各种技术，总结了国外污水处理技术的最新发展动态。     

喀斯特小流域黄壤硫同位素组成特征——对环境过程和效应的指示

用连续提取方法分析了黄壤中总硫、SO₄^2-、总还原态硫（TRS）和有机硫的硫同位素组成,探讨黄壤中硫的迁移转化过程及其环境效应.有机硫是主要的硫形态,SO₄^2-是主要的无机硫形态.TRS具有最低的δ³⁴S值,同时SO₄^2-和TRS的δ³⁴S值随剖面加深而平行地增大指示黄壤中存在SO₄^2-异化还原过程.黄壤剖面中总硫和有机硫的δ³⁴S值先增大后降低与有机硫矿化及有机硫组分的迁移和底层吸附有关.生物滞留后剩余SO₄^2-的吸附、解吸、淋溶迁移及深层吸附与累积导致剖面中SO₄^2-的δ³⁴S值先增大后明显降低.酸沉降下剖面中SO₄^2-的吸附、解吸和淋溶迁移可引起黄壤酸化.值得关注的是,酸沉降输入的SO₄^2-主要以有机硫和吸附态SO₄^2-滞留在黄壤中,则在硫的年沉降速率大幅降低后,在较长时期内,黄壤中有机硫矿化和吸附态SO₄^2-解吸可能释放大量SO₄^2-进入地表和地下水体,与之相关的土壤理化性质变化和水体化学组成改变等方面的环境效应值得关注.     

企业安全生产标准化管理模式研究

目前我国正处于企业全面开展安全生产标准化建设阶段,企业原有的安全生产管理模式大多不能完全符合安全生产标准化的要求。通过分析企业安全生产标准化建设中存在的共性问题和企业安全生产管理工作的一般需求,以安全生产标准化理论和标准体系为基础,提出了企业安全生产标准化管理模式。模式由核心要素集、基础信息库、管理工具箱组成,按照过程和对象进一步细化和重新组合安全生产标准化管理要素,分类汇总企业安全管理所需的基础信息,并为安全管理档案、记录和报表提出统一格式和内容要求。该模式可以灵活应用于安全生产信息化建设,保障企业持续保持安全生产标准化建设成果,有效减少不必要的重复性工作、提高企业安全生产管理工作效率     

水中安乃近高级氧化法去除及其产物的毒性评价

在实验室规模下,利用UV、H2O2、UV/H2O2、Fenton和UV/Fenton等高级氧化技术降解安乃近并对其降解产物进行毒性评价.在对各参数(pH值、H2O2投加量、Fe2+投加量、光照时间)优化的基础上,用TOC去除率和降解率对降解效果进行评价.安乃近及其光催化降解中间产物在水溶液中的毒性通过其对普通小球藻的生长抑制作用评价,并以96h的半数效应浓度(EC50)表示.结果表明,UV/Fenton对安乃近的降解率最大(96%),最佳降解条件为pH3,Fe2+、H2O2浓度分别为2,140mg/L.初期降解产物的生物毒性比母体化合物大,其EC50达到最小值(13.65mg/L),随降解时间的延长,EC50值逐渐增大,在180min为44.07mg/L,小球藻生长状况良好,表明含低浓度安乃近的水溶液经过UV/Fenton法处理后对水中生物已不具有危害作用.     

Historical trends of trace metals in a sediment core from a contaminated tidal salt marsh in San Francisco Bay

Sedimentation of metals preserves historical records of contaminant input from local and regional sources, and measurement of metals in sediment cores can provide information for reconstruction of historical changes in regional water and sediment quality. Sediment core was collected from Stege Marsh located in central San Francisco Bay (California, USA) to investigate the historical input of trace metals. Aluminum-normalized enrichment factors indicate that inputs from anthropogenic sources were predominant over natural input for Ag, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Among these, lead was the most anthropogenically impacted metal with enrichment factors ranging from 32 to 108. Depth profiles and coefficients of variation show that As, Cd, and Se were also influenced by anthropogenic input. The levels of these anthropogenically impacted metals decline gradually towards the surface due to regulation of the use of leaded gasoline, municipal and industrial wastewater discharge control, and closure of point sources on the upland of Stege Marsh. Although trace metal contamination is expected to be continuously declining, the rates of decline have slowed down. For lead, it is estimated to take 44, 82, and 153 years to decrease to probable effects level (112 μg/g), the San Francisco Bay ambient surface sediment level (43.2 μg/g), and the local baseline levels (5 μg/g), respectively. Some metals in surface sediments (0–6 cm) are still higher than sediment quality guidelines such as the probable effects level. To further facilitate the recovery of sediment quality, more efficient management plans need to be developed and implemented to control trace metals from non-point sources such as stormwater runoff.     

Integrated biogeochemical modelling of nitrogen load from anthropogenic and natural sources in Japan

This study proposed an integrated biogeochemical modelling of nitrogen loads from anthropogenic and natural sources in Japan. Firstly, the nitrogen load (NL) from different sources such as crop, livestock, industrial plant, urban and rural resident was calculated by using datasets of fertilizer utilization, population distribution, land use map, and social census. Then, the nitrate leaching from soil layers in farmland, grassland and natural conditions was calculated by using a terrestrial nitrogen cycle model (TNCM). The Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP) was used to transport nitrogen from natural and anthropogenic sources through river channels, as well as collect and route nitrogen to the river mouths. The forcing meteorological and hydrological data is a 30-year (1976–2005) dataset for Japan which were obtained by the land surface model, Minimal Advanced Treatments of Surface Interaction and Runoff (MATSIRO). For the model validation, we collected total nitrogen (TN) concentration data from 59 rivers in Japan. As a comparison result, calculated TN concentration values were in good agreement with the observed ones, which shows the reliability of the proposed model. Finally, the TN loads from point and nonpoint sources were summarized and evaluated for 59 river basins in Japan. The proposed modelling framework can be used as a tool for quantitative evaluation of nitrogen load in terrestrial ecosystems at a national scale. The connection to land use and climate data provides a possibility to use this model for analysis of climate change and land use change impacts on hydrology and water quality.     

海滨湿地景观过程模型与模拟研究——以江苏盐城保护区核心区为例

景观过程模型已经成为深化景观变化研究的重要手段并日益受到重视。海滨湿地是一种高度复杂和动态变化的景观系统,构建景观过程模型能够从机理上解释湿地景观时空动态演变过程。研究中,将盐城国家级自然保护区核心区划分为人工管理区和自然湿地区两种模式,根据2000、2006、2011 年3 个时相的景观资料以及野外生态监测数据,构建海滨湿地景观过程模型,结果如下：①利用空间代替时间并结合灰色关联分析,确定了海滨湿地景观演变的关键影响因素为土壤盐度和水分;②运用人工神经网络的方法,分析了土壤盐度和水分的空间分异,并通过图层叠加和分级统计,得出了土壤盐度和水分的阈值范围以及变化规律;③运用GIS-Matlab-CA技术构建了基于关键生态过程的海滨湿地景观过程模型,模型总体精度都在80%以上,Kappa 系数都在0.7 以上,一致性检验结果表明空间位置一致率决定了整个景观模拟的精度;④运用已构建好的模型对研究区2012-2020、2025 年的结果进行了模拟预测,预测结果表明,盐城海滨湿地芦苇沼泽和米草沼泽扩张、碱蓬沼泽面积减少的趋势将愈加明显。     

紫外/亚硫酸盐高级还原工艺加速降解水中难降解含碘造影剂

紫外/亚硫酸盐（UV/SO₃^2-）是一种基于紫外活化SO₃^2-离子依靠生成还原性自由基——水合电子降解目标污染物的高级还原工艺.本文研究了UV/SO₃^2-加速降解含碘造影剂泛影酸钠（DTZ）的效能、机制与影响因素以及UV/SO₃^2-降解DTZ的路径.结果表明,UV/SO₃^2-降解DTZ符合一级动力学模型,降解速率快于单独UV和紫外/过氧化氢工艺,且降解速率随SO₃^2-浓度的增加而升高.弱碱性或碱性水质可强化UV/SO₃^2-降解效率,背景有机物对降解DTZ有一定抑制作用.DTZ降解机制包括直接光解和还原性自由基攻击,其中自由基攻击占主要部分.DTZ在UV/SO₃^2-的降解路径包括取代、脱羧基羟基化和酰胺键断裂等.