玉米淀粉废水的处理技术

本文介绍玉米淀粉废水的特性,废水处理工艺路线,工艺设计中应着重考虑的问题及设计参数的选择。     

Photocatalytic degradation of aqueous Methyl Orange using nitrogen-doped TiO2 photocatalyst prepared by novel method of ultraviolet-assisted thermal synthesis

A nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst(N–TiO_2) with heterojunction structures is synthesized by three different approaches: a novel UV-assisted thermal synthesis, annealing, and microwave technique. Photocatalytic activities of synthesized photocatalysts are evaluated by the degradation of Methyl Orange under ultraviolet light types A(UV-A), B(UV-B), and C(UV-C), visible light, and direct sunlight irradiation. Results show that by using N–TiO_2 photocatalyst prepared by the UV-assisted thermal synthesis and annealing, the degradation increases by 16.5% and 20.4%, respectively, compared to that by bare TiO_2. The best results are obtained at a nitrogen to TiO_2 mass ratio of 0.15(N:TiO_2). The enhancement of the photocatalytic activity observed in the visible range is mainly attributed to the increasing separation rate of photogenerated charge carriers. The novel UV-assisted thermal synthesis has produced encouraging results as a preparation method for the nitrogen-doped TiO_2 photocatalyst; thus, further studies are recommended for process optimization, immobilization, and scale-up to evaluate its applicability in wastewater treatment.     

汽车翼子板零件的成形与工艺分析

通过对汽车翼子板零件投料冲压试验,对零件进行了应变测试分析,评价试验钢板的成形效果,分析了冲压工艺、表面粗糙度和板厚等条件对零件冲压生产的影响,得到翼子板零件的最佳用材方案及冲压工艺条件。     

中亚热带典型农业小流域氮素输出特征及监测采样频率研究

以湖南省长沙县的脱甲小流域为例,研究了中亚热带典型农业小流域中氮素输出的规律,并采用统计学方法确定合理的氮素输出监测频率.研究结果表明,该地区农业小流域氮素输出过程受降雨-径流过程和农业管理活动的影响明显,除颗粒态氮(PN)外,流域出口水体中铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、可溶性氮(DN)和全氮(TN)的浓度均与沟渠径流量显著相关(p0.01).降雨-径流过程和农业管理活动也会影响河道水体中氮素化学形态,但其对氮素化学形态的影响往往是短期的,因为在整个观测期间内,仅NH+4-N/TN比例与径流量有显著相关关系(p0.01).对于不同形态氮素采样频率计算结果表明,水体中氮素浓度变异系数越大,在允许的误差范围内需要的监测频率越高.按照平均值误差的20%控制,NH+4-N和PN的采样频率要达到每天2次才能满足要求,采样频率显著高于NO-3-N、DN和TN(1天1次).如果将典型小流域中的氮素输出监测频率定为每天1次,NH+4-N和PN的相对误差将达到30%.该研究为阐明中亚热带农业小流域氮素输出规律和制定氮素监测策略和规范提供了样本.     

Characteristics and anthropogenic sources of carbonyl sulfide in Beijing

Atmospheric mixing ratios of carbonyl sulfide(COS) in Beijing were intensively measured from March 2011 to June 2013. COS mixing ratios exhibited distinct seasonal variation, with a maximum average value of 849 ± 477 pptv in winter and a minimal value of 372 ± 115 pptv in summer. The seasonal variation of COS was mainly ascribed to the combined effects of vegetation uptake and anthropogenic emissions. Two types of significant linear correlations(R2 0.66) were found between COS and CO during the periods from May to June and from October to March, with slopes(ΔCOS/ΔCO) of 0.72 and 0.14 pptv/ppbv, respectively. Based on the emission ratios of COS/CO from various sources, the dominant anthropogenic sources of COS in Beijing were found to be vehicle tire wear in summer and coal burning in winter. The total anthropogenic emission of COS in Beijing was roughly estimated as 0.53 ± 0.02 Gg/year based on the local CO emission inventory and the ΔCOS/ΔCO ratios.     

多点进水A/O组合工艺处理高速公路服务区污水

采用"多点进水A/O工艺+砂滤+活性炭过滤"联合工艺处理某高速公路新建服务区污水,处理能力500 m3/d,沉淀池出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB/T 8978-1996)中一级标准,最终出水水质达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920-2002)的要求。实践证明,采用多点进水A/O组合工艺处理高速公路服务区污水是完全可行的,污水经处理后完全达标,可供类似工程借鉴和参考。     

大型再生水厂不同工艺的COD、TN和TP去除效果及其影响因素分析

以北京某大型再生水厂为研究对象,通过统计分析历史数据,系统研究了2008和2013年不同工艺(倒置A2/O工艺、A2/O工艺、A2/OMBR工艺)中主要污染物COD、TN和TP去除效果的年际、年内汛期、寒冷季和温暖季的变化特征,并分析了2013年这3种污染物去除效果变化的影响因素.结果表明,同2008年相比,2013年不仅进水的COD浓度升高,TN浓度和TP浓度降低,导致进水的碳/氮/磷比值从2008年的100∶14.5∶1.4升高到2013年的100∶10.1∶0.9,而且主要污染物去除效果均有明显改善,改善幅度依次为TPCODTN.年内变化特征表现为:汛期进水COD、TN和TP的浓度降低但波动加剧,它们的去除率降低,因此汛期出水COD稳定、TN浓度降低而TP浓度波动;温暖季进水COD、TN和TP的浓度高,它们的去除率有不同程度提高,因此温暖季出水的TN浓度波动较大、COD和TP浓度稳定.冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,一期倒置A2/O工艺的出水TN和TP浓度同步波动,主要受工况变化影响,脱氮除磷的碳源竞争是导致出水TN浓度降低、TP浓度升高的重要原因.二期A2/O工艺的出水COD浓度和TN浓度主要受进水水质波动影响.三期A2/O-MBR工艺的出水水质最稳定,膜运行性能至关重要.     

生物接触氧化法处理腈纶废水研究

腈纶废水中含有氰化物、单体聚合物等有毒有害物质,碱性氧化法、酸性回收法等处理含氰废水,难以达到国家排放标准。上海某腈纶厂采用硫氰酸钠一步法和二步法湿纺工艺生产腈纶,废水处理采用＂加药混凝沉淀法＋生物接触氧化法＂,氰化物、氨氮、COD、BOD5去除率分别为94.5%、89.9%、88.2%、97%,达到污水综合排放一级标准。     

Human Influences on Water Quality in Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands

A better understanding of relationships between human activities and water chemistry is needed to identify and manage sources of anthropogenic stress in Great Lakes coastal wetlands. The objective of the study described in this article was to characterize relationships between water chemistry and multiple classes of human activity (agriculture, population and development, point source pollution, and atmospheric deposition). We also evaluated the influence of geomorphology and biogeographic factors on stressor-water quality relationships. We collected water chemistry data from 98 coastal wetlands distributed along the United States shoreline of the Laurentian Great Lakes and GIS-based stressor data from the associated drainage basin to examine stressor-water quality relationships. The sampling captured broad ranges (1.5–2 orders of magnitude) in total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), total suspended solids (TSS), chlorophyll a (Chl a), and chloride; concentrations were strongly correlated with stressor metrics. Hierarchical partitioning and all-subsets regression analyses were used to evaluate the independent influence of different stressor classes on water quality and to identify best predictive models. Results showed that all categories of stress influenced water quality and that the relative influence of different classes of disturbance varied among water quality parameters. Chloride exhibited the strongest relationships with stressors followed in order by TN, Chl a, TP, TSS, and DIN. In general, coarse scale classification of wetlands by morphology (three wetland classes: riverine, protected, open coastal) and biogeography (two ecoprovinces: Eastern Broadleaf Forest [EBF] and Laurentian Mixed Forest [LMF]) did not improve predictive models. This study provides strong evidence of the link between water chemistry and human stress in Great Lakes coastal wetlands and can be used to inform management efforts to improve water quality in Great Lakes coastal ecosystems.     

Plant biomass allocation strategies of the dominant species in an alpine meadow of northwestern Sichuan,China北大核心CSCD

Plant biomass partitioning is an important driver of whole-plant net carbon gain, as biomass allocation could directly affect plant's future growth and reproduction. Alpine meadow in the northwestern Sichuan was impressed by the abundant community structure and species diversity. This study on biomass allocation pattern of different functional types and lifeforms might help understand plant life-history strategy of alpine meadow plants. We investigated 72 dominant herbaceous species for their compartments, biomass, and morphological traits during 2012-2014. These plants were sampled from natural grassland, disturbed grassland, and wintergreen grassland; they belonged to three functional types (grass, sedge, and forb) and two lifeforms (annual and perennial). The scaling relationships between functional traits of these plants were analyzed using Model type II regression method to estimate the parameters of the allometric equations. (1) Biomass allocation proportion of components significantly differed among grasses, sedges, and forbs owing to phylogeny: grasses had the highest stem biomass percentage, sedges had higher root biomass percentage, and forbs had higher leaf biomass percentage, but the scaling relationships were not significantly different, and isometric scaling was noted between biomass components for the three functional types. (2) Moreover, plant lifeforms affected the biomass allocation proportion of components, owing to the shorter or longer turnover rate and investment strategy between annual and perennial species. Annuals allocated more biomass to the stem and reproduction organs, but perennials invested more biomass to the leaves and roots. (3) In addition, plants from different grassland types differed in both biomass and morphology traits. Moreover, forbs from natural grassland and wintergreen grassland had higher leaf and reproductive biomass, but those from disturbed grasslands had higher stem biomass. Our results suggest that the functional type and lifeform decide the inherent scaling relationships between components of plants, but anthropogenic disturbance significantly impacted the quantity of component biomass. This study has important theoretical and practical significance to understand the response of alpine plants to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance as well as to help in the scientific management of alpine meadow. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.