傀儡湖沉积物-水界面硝酸盐异养还原过程研究

反硝化（DNF）和硝酸盐异养还原为氨（DNRA）是水域生态系统中硝酸盐异养还原的2个主要过程.DNF和DNRA之间的竞争控制着硝酸盐在水域生态系统中的异养还原方式和最终归趋.选取太湖流域的傀儡湖为研究对象,采用室内培养实验和稳定氮同位素示踪技术,考察傀儡湖沉积物-水界面的DNF和DNRA速率及其对硝酸盐异养还原过程的贡献.结果显示,沉积物表现为NH₄⁺-N的源和NO₃^--N的汇,潜在DNF速率为18.89~54.00μmol/（kg·h）[均值（36.39±3.86）μmol/（kg·h）],DNRA反应速率为1.02~5.89μmol/（kg·h）[均值（3.21±1.15）μmol/（kg·h）].DNF与沉积物有机质含量和含水率存在显著的正相关关系,DNRA与沉积物需氧量（SOD）之间存在相关性.反硝化是傀儡湖中硝酸盐异养还原的主导过程,贡献率为84.23%~96.90%,而DNRA过程只占3.10%~15.77%.与海洋河口区域相比,淡水湖泊生态系统中DNRA速率和DNRA在硝酸盐异养还原中所占的比重均较小.     

微藻对海水养殖循环水高效碳氮磷一体化去除的研究

海水养殖循环水高盐分和波动的低碳氮比造成水处理困难和亚硝酸盐累积,影响循环水处理利用,其排放造成受纳海域生态环境破坏.本研究采用混合营养型钝顶螺旋藻结合膜光合反应器（MPBR）考察碳氮比对海水养殖循环水碳、氮、磷一体化去除效率及藻生物质产量的影响.结果表明,在原水碳氮比为5时,钝顶螺旋藻可实现碳、氮、磷高效一体化去除,出水COD低于20 mg·L^-1,满足《海水养殖水排放要求》（SC/T 9103—2007）一级标准,总氮和总磷浓度均满足二级标准.提高碳氮比有利于钝顶螺旋藻的生长、油脂累积和氮磷的去除,碳氮比为1~10时藻体内油脂含量由14.9%增到19.3%.钝顶螺旋藻膜光合反应器（MPBR）运行数据表明,聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）膜和无纺布生物膜均可高效稳定地截留微藻,稳定运行期出水COD、总氮和总磷浓度均满足《海水养殖水排放要求》（SC/T 9103—2007）二级标准,且均无亚硝酸盐累积.无纺布生物膜光合反应器COD去除效率（93.2%）和藻体的多糖含量（98.1 mg·g^-1）显著高于PVDF膜反应器（85.2%和70.4 mg·g^-1）,膜通量也较低,膜污染较轻.本研究中钝顶螺旋藻结合无纺布动态生物MPBR不仅实现了海水养殖循环水高效的碳、氮、磷同步去除,无亚硝酸盐累积,并可稳定收获生物质资源,为海水养殖循环水高效、安全处理和资源化利用提供依据.     

东江源受偿意愿调查与跨省生态补偿机制研究

文章分别调查了东江源区居民受偿意愿和两地政府对东江源生态补偿机制的诉求。调查表明:居民家庭收入低下,68%的被调查者认为为保护东江水质对家庭收入产生了影响;94%的被调查者认为有必要实施生态补偿,且其中90%的人表示如果接受补偿,将愿意放弃一些会对东江水质保护产生不利影响的经济发展机会;对生态公益林补偿标准期望值在2 250元/(hm2.a)以上,在补偿形式上更青睐现金补偿。分析了中央、广东省和江西省政府之间的利益博弈,提出了建立东江源跨省生态补偿机制的政策建议。     

基于EIO-LCA模型的纯电动轿车温室气体减排分析

纯电动轿车燃料周期的温室气体排放是否低于汽油轿车的排放仍然存在争议.为评价纯电动轿车的温室气体减排效率,此研究利用中国2007温室气体排放EIO-LCA模型分别核算了普通级纯电动轿车和汽油轿车燃料周期的温室气体排放量.结果表明纯电动轿车燃料周期的温室气体排放总量为124gCO2,e/km,汽油轿车相应的排放总量为265gCO2,e/km,纯电动轿车与汽油轿车相比,减排温室气体53%.模型计算结果还表明影响纯电动轿车温室气体排放的主要行业包括电力、热力的生产和供应业与煤炭开采和洗选业等.因此,纯电动轿车温室气体减排应通过优化一次能源结构、提高电网综合效率等方法实现.     

近50年来长江水资源特征变化分析

对长江水资源的特征如总量、用水量、水污染等的变化进行了分析,结果为:①1954-2004年流域平均降水量呈现下降趋势;长江上中游降水量的减少是导致宜昌、汉口水文站的径流量呈现下降趋势的主要原因,而大通水文站径流量呈上升趋势与汉口-大通间降水量增加有关;大通站1950到2004年的最小、最大月均径流量均呈上升趋势;长江水资源总量的变化主要受控于气候的变化。②水污染逐渐加重,水质有恶化的趋势,工业污染的增加是主要原因。③年均用水量占入海径流量的5.7%左右,人类活动尚未对长江流域总的水量构成很大的影响。结论:①长江水资源总量尚未发生巨大的变化,但由人类活动所造成的污染已对水资源的利用构成了影响;②南水北调工程的实施和长江三角洲工业的发展,使得中国东部地区对长江干流水资源的依赖性增加,加大了长江水资源利用的风险。     

滑石矿开采对着生藻群落结构和水环境的影响

为了解滑石矿开采对河流水生态环境的影响,分别于2015年11月、2016年4月和2016年7月这3个时期对汤河(太子河重要支流)上游6个监测断面(TH01~TH02为参照河段,TH03~TH04为受损河段,TH05~TH06为恢复河段)的水质状况和着生藻群落进行了调查分析.利用Mann-Whitney U检验分析比较了各河段水环境因子和着生藻群落结构组成的差异;利用Spearman相关性分析、典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis)和t值双标图(t value biplot)分析水环境因子与着生藻群落结构的相互关系.结果表明:(1)与参照河段和恢复河段相比,受损河段的Mg、Se、As、Fe、Mo、EC、HCO-3、NO-3和p H均值最高.其中,Mg、Mo、As、EC、HCO-3在受损河段与其他河段间存在显著差异(P0.05).(2)与其他河段相比,受损河段的着生藻密度、物种丰富度、具柄硅藻百分比、曲壳藻属(Achnanthes sp.)相对丰度均最小,可运动硅藻百分比、双菱藻属(Surirella sp.)相对丰度和舟形藻属(Navicula sp.)相对丰度最大,其中物种丰富度在受损河段与其他河段间存在显著差异(P0.05).(3)EC、HCO-3和Mg对研究区域的着生藻群落结构有显著影响,且均与物种丰富度、具柄硅藻百分比显著相关(P0.05).     

Conditioning of sewage sludge by Fenton's reagent combined with skeleton builders

Physical conditioners, often known as skeleton builders, are commonly used to improve the dewaterability of sewage sludge. This study evaluated a novel joint usage of Fenton’s reagent and skeleton builders, referred to as the F-S inorganic composite conditioner, focusing on their efficacies and the optimization of the major operational parameters. The results demonstrate that the F-S composite conditioner for conditioning sewage sludge is a viable alternative to conventional organic polymers, especially when ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lime are used as the skeleton builders. Experimental investigations confirmed that Fenton reaction required sufficient time (80 min in this study) to degrade organics in the sludge. The optimal condition of this process was at pH = 5, Fe²⁺ = 40 mg g⁻¹ (dry solids), H₂O₂ = 32 mg g⁻¹, OPC = 300 mg g⁻¹ and lime = 400 mg g⁻¹, in which the specific resistance to filtration reduction efficiency of 95% was achieved.     

Incorporating detectability of threatened species into environmental impact assessment

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a key mechanism for protecting threatened plant and animal species. Many species are not perfectly detectable and, even when present, may remain undetected during EIA surveys, increasing the risk of site‐level loss or extinction of species. Numerous methods now exist for estimating detectability of plants and animals. Despite this, regulations concerning survey protocol and effort during EIAs fail to adequately address issues of detectability. Probability of detection is intrinsically linked to survey effort; thus, minimum survey effort requirements are a useful way to address the risks of false absences. We utilized 2 methods for determining appropriate survey effort requirements during EIA surveys. One method determined the survey effort required to achieve a probability of detection of 0.95 when the species is present. The second method estimated the survey effort required to either detect the species or reduce the probability of presence to 0.05. We applied these methods to Pimelea spinscens subsp. spinescens, a critically endangered grassland plant species in Melbourne, Australia. We detected P. spinescens in only half of the surveys undertaken at sites where it was known to exist. Estimates of the survey effort required to detect the species or demonstrate its absence with any confidence were much higher than the effort traditionally invested in EIA surveys for this species. We argue that minimum survey requirements be established for all species listed under threatened species legislation and hope that our findings will provide an impetus for collecting, compiling, and synthesizing quantitative detectability estimates for a broad range of plant and animal species. Incorporación de la Capacidad de Detectar una Especie Amenazada a la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental     

Three reasons to use annual payments in contingent valuation surveys: Convergent validity,discount rates,and mental accounting

We present three arguments for using ongoing annual payments in contingent valuation (CV) surveys that estimate the benefit of a long-lasting environmental improvement. First, by matching the duration of the payments with the duration of the environmental benefits, survey respondents are spared from performing complicated present value calculations. Second, willingness to pay (WTP) estimates from CV surveys that include ongoing annual payments best match WTP estimates obtained using travel cost surveys. Third, respondents are less likely to face binding mental budget constraints with ongoing annual payments than with a larger one-time payment. In addition, respondents’ discount rates may be estimated by collecting non-hypothetical, individual time preference data as part of the valuation survey.     

An experimental study to explore WTP for aviation carbon offsets: the impact of a carbon tax on the voluntary action

As Australia recently introduced a mandatory carbon price, this paper provides a rare perspective of how such institutional changes influence consumer preferences for voluntary climate action. When examined using three contingent valuation questions, the results show that the compliance mechanism induces a substantial reduction in the number of air travellers who are willing to pay extra for voluntary carbon offsets and in the payment amount, although the crowding-out effect is incomplete. A disproportionately larger welfare benefit is attached to the carbon offsets for a domestic flight than its international counterpart. Overall empirical findings advocate the continued role of voluntary programmes.