利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的影响因素研究

为了有效提高餐厨废油制取生物柴油(脂肪酸甲酯)的产率,降低生产成本,通过正交试验和单因素实验,系统分析醇油比、催化剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度等主要因素对利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的影响.结果表明,醇油比、催化剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度等因素对餐厨废油制取生物柴油均具有显著影响,各因素影响显著性大小顺序为搅拌速度＞催化剂投加量＞反应时间＞醇油比＞温度;利用餐厨废油生产生物柴油的较佳工艺条件为搅拌强度为60 r·min-1,醇油质量比为0.22∶1,催化剂质量浓度1.0％,反应时间3h,反应温度60 ℃.     

Residents'''' Willingness to Pay for Improving Air Quality in Jinan, China

Along with the progress of urbanization and environmental deterioration, residents' desire for improved air quality is increasing. In order to quantify an individual's willingness-to-pay (WTP) for improved air quality in Jinan of eastern China, a contingent valuation method (CVM) was employed. A sample of 1,500 residents was chosen on the basis of multistage sampling methods with face-to-face interviews by using a series of hypothetical, open-ended scenario questions which were designed to elicit the respondents' WTP. Results showed that 59.7% of respondents were able to express their WTP and the mean WTP is 100 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per person per year. A probit model on the probability of a positive WTP and a regression model were developed to find the relationship between endogenous variables and WTP. Most parameters in the econometric analysis had the expected sign. Annual household income and expenditure on treating respiratory diseases significantly influence WTP. The rates of positive WTP and the monetary amount are larger for men than for women. Results also showed that people who lived in more polluted areas were willing to pay more for clean air. Unlike developed countries, clean air may only be considered as a public good in China in that more than 40% of respondents had no incentive to bear the costs of attempting to achieve better air quality, which indicates the relatively low environmental consciousness.     

Is the EU WFD suitable to support IWRM planning in non-European countries? Lessons learnt from the introduction of IWRM and River Basin Management in Mongolia

The Water Framework Directive (EU WFD, 2000/60EC, European Commission, 2000) is a comprehensive tool for water management taking Europe’s diverse national and local policy contexts into account. This has positioned the EU WFD as a potential tool to enhance the implementation of the globally-promoted integrated water resources management concept (IWRM) in developing and transition countries that to date lack comparable regulations. Using the case of Mongolia, a country that has shown interest in using aspects of the EU WFD for implementing its IWRM concept, we will discuss the extent to which the EU WFD also provides a framework for IWRM outside Europe. We find that the EU WFD may provide guidance for the implementation of ecosystem-based River Basin Management (RBM) within an existing national IWRM concept, in terms of public participation and in terms of economic analysis. However, the application of concepts EU WFD is easier if strong political will, good monitoring capacities and a legislative backbone covering key IWRM principles and the capacity for enforcement are in place. Also, the EU-WFD does not provide guidance in terms of water-related issues that are e.g. addressing gender, poverty and capacity development. Thus, the EU WFD cannot serve as a blueprint, as it requires adaptation to the different socio-economic, cultural and political contexts of the implementing country and it does not inform all aspects of IWRM.     

中国PM2.5人口暴露风险时空格局

采用PM_2.5和人口格网数据，计算了2000~2016年中国PM_2.5人口暴露风险值，并利用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、标准偏差和Hurst指数等，分析了17a间中国PM_2.5人口暴露风险的时空变化特征.结果表明：①17a间PM_2.5人口暴露风险在胡焕庸线两侧差异巨大，东部高、西部低，东部多年风险均值为2.787，西部为0.065；②17a间PM_2.5人口暴露风险在胡焕庸线两侧的变化幅度具有较显著差异，西部整体呈下降趋势，而在2011年和2015年有明显回升，东部自2001年迅速增加且保持平稳状态，直至2015年出现大幅度回落.③PM_2.5人口暴露风险的稳定性与持续性差异显著，东部以不稳定与弱反持续性为主，西部则以稳定与强反持续性为主要特征.④暴露等级为危险与极危险水平下的人口总量与人口密度在空间上呈现出东部高西部低的分布状态.     

PCBQ: Computerized quantification of total PCB and congeners in environmental samples

Computerized methodologies for the quantification of total PCBs, PCB in Aroclor mixtures and individual PCB congeners in environmental samples are presented. The method for total PCBs is based on a multiple-linear regression analysis using data from capillary gas chromatography of Arocolor standards. PCB congeners were identified and their weight percentages determined in Aroclor mixtures by GC/MS. PCB congeners and total PCBs were accurately quantified in predetermined test data and environmental samples.     

表征全吸力范围的土壤水分特征曲线模型评估及其转换函数构建

基于非饱和土壤水力性质数据库（UNSODA）中选取的从砂土到黏土共256个土壤样本,系统性地评价了表征全吸力范围的土壤水分特征曲线模型（LIAO模型）的适用性,并构建和验证了预测LIAO模型参数的土壤转换函数（PTFs）。结果表明：（1）与传统的van Genuchten模型（仅适用于描述毛管水运动）相比,LIAO模型对不同质地土壤水分特征曲线的预测精度更高,均方根误差（RMSE）降低了约45%;（2）LIAO模型参数与土壤基本性质（如砂粒、粉粒、黏粒、有机质含量和容重）之间存在不同程度的相关性,其中参数θ_s与容重的相关性（r=-0.783,P<0.01）最强,而其余参数与粉粒的相关程度最高;（3）基于逐步回归方法构建的PTFs能够解释LIAO模型参数总变异的31%~65%,其中对θ_s的预测精度最高,经双交叉验证表明PTFs稳定性较好。研究成果可为区域（尤其是干旱和半干旱地区）土壤水文模型提供参数支持。     

受偿意愿在确定生态补偿标准上下限中的作用

受偿意愿（WTA）是制定生态补偿标准的常用依据之一,能否正确使用WTA对于制定合理的补偿标准具有重要影响.本文梳理了国内近12a的相关文献,发现在WTA应作为生态补偿标准的上限还是下限问题上尚无定论,尽管大多数研究将WTA作为补偿标准下限,但背后的逻辑并不严谨.本文认为生态补偿标准制定过程可视为受偿方和支付方的讨价还价过程,因此WTA实际上是受偿方的出价,应作为补偿标准上限.另外,本文从WTA、支付意愿（WTP）是区间的角度进行分析,判断补偿标准可取的范围,发现当调查得到的WTA大于WTP时,仍存在谈成的可能性;当调查得到的WTA小于WTP时,实际达成空间大于表面达成空间,决策者拥有更大的选择空间.     

活性污泥体系中C/N/S对硝酸盐还原过程的影响

采用序批式活性污泥反应器（ASBR）,通过调整进水C/N和S/N,在活性污泥体系中探究电子受体有限的条件下,不同电子供体（有机物或者S^2-）对反硝化和硝酸盐氮异化还原成铵（DNRA）过程的影响.结果表明：较高的C/N进水条件,有利于反硝化过程的进行;而较高的S/N进水条件,更有利于DNRA过程的发生;DNRA过程的特征产物NH₄⁺-N,在C/N/S=2：2：3、2：2：4条件下的出水中较明显,其中C/N/S=2：2：4条件下,NH₄⁺-N浓度达到最高为10.65mg/L.说明在电子受体有限时,过量的电子供体可促使反硝化向DNRA过程转变.采用16SrRNA分子生物学技术对不同C/N/S下的微生物菌群结构进行分析,发现与氮还原相关的Proteobacteria、Anaerolineae、Bacteroidia、Actinobacteria等菌群丰度较高,且Actinobacteria菌与DNRA过程相关.不同电子供体环境下氮转移途径的研究可为污水处理过程中碳,氮,硫的同步去除提供指导.     

典型复合材料加筋壁板落锤/冰雹冲击损伤仿真分析研究

目的研究复合材料层压板落锤和冰雹离散源冲击损伤特性。方法对于落锤和冰雹,分别以刚体模型和弹塑性模型,构建本构模型。对于加筋板,基于Cohesive内聚力界面单元的B-K失效准则,对复合材料层间分层破坏进行数值模拟。通过对多材质冲头、不同冲击能量、不同冲击角度下其响应及损伤扩展特性开展研究,并对比复合材料层压板落锤冲击及冰雹离散源冲击试验数据,对数值计算方法进行对比验证。结果在机体相同部位的落锤、冰雹能量截止值冲击下,落锤低速冲击的损伤响应要大于冰雹离散源冲击。同时,冰雹冲击能量越大,冲击角度越接近于90°,其损伤响应也越大。结论落锤和冰雹离散源冲击仿真方法在损伤响应及扩展的预测与试验结果接近,可以为复合材料冲击损伤引入及抗冲击性能研究提供基础。     

固城湖退圩还湖区沉积物重金属特征及生态风险评价

为探讨退圩还湖对固城湖表层沉积物重金属污染特征、空间分布和生态风险的影响,对退圩区和湖区表层沉积物重金属（Fe、Mn、As、Zn、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd和Pb）含量进行对比分析,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价沉积物重金属污染现状和潜在生态风险程度,利用相关性和聚类分析法解析重金属主要污染物的潜在来源.结果表明,退圩区沉积物重金属中Cd （0.21mg/kg）和湖区沉积物重金属中Cd （0.56mg/kg）和Zn （145.33mg/kg）和Pb （41.17mg/kg）含量的平均值分别达到江苏省土壤背景值的2.45、6.55、2.24和1.87倍.湖区表层沉积物重金属Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb含量显著高于退圩区.地累积指数法评价显示退圩区中Cd为轻度污染;湖区中Cd为中度污染,Zn、As、Cu和Pb为轻度污染.潜在生态风险指数表明,湖区表层沉积物生态风险高于退圩区;Cd是湖区与退圩区最主要的生态风险贡献因子,可能与水产养殖活动以及工业废水排放有关.固城湖退圩还湖对于降低固城湖重金属生态风险有着积极作用.