制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物混凝去除特性研究

制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)由于组成复杂、难去除、具有多异质性和分散性,是污水深度处理与回用的主要去除对象和关键限制因子.本论文以发酵制药废水二级出水的DOM为研究对象,采用投加聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝剂去除DOM,考察混凝剂投加量和混凝pH值对去除效果的影响,并结合分子量分级、亲疏水性分级以及三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析方法等对DOM进行了系统表征和分析,进一步阐述混凝过程DOM的去除特征.结果表明,PAC投加量为250 mg·L~(-1)、pH=7时,混凝沉淀30 min对DOC、UV_(254)、色度和浊度的去除率分别为13.05%±0.29%、23.65%±0.75%、12.66%±1.34%、63.67%±0.89%;混凝对分子量10 kDa的组分和疏水中性(HON)组分去除效果分别为50.33%±0.98%、21.56%±0.42%,而对分子量1 kDa组分去除率较低为2.26%±0.12%;三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析将制药废水二级出水分为2个类腐殖质组分(C1、C3)和1个类蛋白组分(C2),混凝对类腐殖酸组分(C1)最大荧光强度去除率(F_(max))最高为46.22%,而亲水性的小分子和蛋白类物质混凝去除效果较差.     

双表面活性剂修饰下纳米零价铁对水中Cr(Ⅵ)污染去除研究

为解决纳米级零价铁（nZVI）在环境中易团聚、易氧化的问题,强化其去除水中Cr（VI）的能力,选择非离子型表面活性剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）和阴离子表面活性剂油酸钠（NaOA）同时对nZVI进行修饰.同时,通过对比不同pH值、材料干湿状态、初始浓度及共存离子条件下的反应效果,结合材料的XRD和XPS表征、动力学实验和25℃等温线的拟合进行机理分析.结果表明：酸性条件有利于Cr（VI）的去除;材料的干湿状态对去除效率影响较大;材料去除水中Cr（VI）可在3 h内达到反应平衡,去除效率在90%以上,实验条件下最大去除量为183.1 mg·g^-1,反应过程符合准二级动力学模型及Langmuir模型;反应过程中Cr（VI）大部分转化为Cr（Ⅲ）.     

碳源对耐低温哈尔滨不动杆菌HITLi7T氨氮代谢以及胞外分泌物的影响

碳源对微生物异养硝化至关重要,为了探究碳源对耐低温异养硝化菌-哈尔滨不动杆菌HITLi 7~T低温生长和氨氮代谢的影响,考察了乙酸钠、碳酸钠、淀粉、柠檬酸钠、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘油、糊精、乳糖和麦芽糖10种碳源.结果表明,碳源种类对HITLi 7~T低温生长速率和胞外分泌物含量影响较大.乙酸钠是HITLi 7~T的最优碳源,低温下培养4 d后OD_(600)能提高到0.146,产生的ATP也明显高于其他组,为5.124μmol·mg~(-1)·prot~(-1);此时,总胞外分泌物量最多,为3.86 mg·L~(-1),多糖占比也最高为41.7%;4 d氨氮平均降解速率最大,为0.042 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1);其次为葡萄糖和碳酸钠.同时考察了不同碳氮比的影响,结果表明HITLi 7~T以乙酸钠为碳源时,最佳C/N比为8,此时氨氮去除速率最高为0.216 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1),总EPS量为7.04 mg·L~(-1),其中多糖占比为55.3%.     

Pilot-scale experiments on multilevel contact oxidation treatment of poultry farm wastewater using saran lock carriers under different operation model

A pilot-scale multilevel contact oxidation reactors system, coupled with saran lock carriers,was applied for the treatment of poultry farm wastewater. The removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen as well as the elimination performance of CODcr and total nitrogen along the three-level contact oxidation tanks under six designed operational models were investigated. Based on the performance of the nitrogen removal of the saran lock carriers and the distribution of anoxic–aerobic interspace under the suitable operation model, the mechanism of nitrogen removal of the system was also explored. The results revealed that the intermittent aeration under parallel model is the most suitable operation model, while the removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 86.86%, 84.04%, and 80.96%, respectively. The effluent concentration of CODcr,ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 55.6 mg/L, 8.3 mg/L, and 12.0 mg/L, which satisfy both the discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding industry(GB18596–2001) and the first grade of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978–1996). Moreover, the mechanism for the nitrogen removal should be attributed to the plenty of anoxic–aerobic interspaces of the biofilm and the three-dimensional spiral structure of the saran lock carriers, where the oxygen-deficient distribution was suitable for the happening of the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process. Therefore, the multilevel contact oxidation tanks system is an effective pathway for the treatment of the poultry farm wastewater on the strength of a suitable operation model and novel carriers.     

温度和DO对MBBR系统硝化和反硝化的影响

在缺氧/好氧/好氧串联运行的移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）系统中考察了温度和好氧反应器中溶解氧（DO）水平对生物膜硝化和反硝化过程氮素去除的影响,并通过高通量测序技术探究温度和DO的变化造成的MBBR系统中脱氮功能菌群结构的差异,从而在微观水平解释硝化和反硝化受温度和DO影响的生物学机理.结果表明,系统温度的升高可以同时强化生物膜硝化和反硝化过程,且好氧反应器中DO水平的提高对硝化过程有利,从而提高系统的脱氮效果.本研究中,在系统连续运行阶段,当系统温度和好氧O₁反应器的DO浓度为本研究范围内的最高水平时（即温度=20~22℃、DO=5~8mg O₂/L）,比硝化负荷可达1.60g NH₄⁺-N/（m²·d）以上,而相同温度范围内比反硝化负荷可高达2.84g NO₃^--N/（m²·d）,从而使MBBR系统在该工况条件下获得了最佳的NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率（分别达到了98.7%和85.7%）.温度和DO影响硝化和反硝化的根本原因是温度和DO变化引起了脱氮功能菌群数量和群落结构的改变：当好氧反应器的DO水平下降时,硝化功能细菌的OTUs比例显著降低,尤其是异养硝化细菌的生长受到了严重的抑制;而温度的变化对反硝化细菌的影响主要体现在群落结构的变化.     

高有机负荷冲击对填料型MBR运行性能的影响

针对分散式农村生活污水有机负荷变化明显的特点,研究了填料型厌氧-缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器（A²O-MBR）抗高有机负荷的能力,考察了高有机负荷冲击对污染物去除效果、悬浮和附着污泥性质以及膜污染的影响.结果表明,高负荷冲击期间污染物去除稳定,氨氮去除率在冲击第3d从99.1%下降到78.5%,出水氨氮浓度高于5mg/L,随后去除率恢复至97.6%;悬浮和附着微生物的三磷酸腺苷（ATP）含量增加;附着生物量显著增加;细胞外聚合物（EPS）增加;高有机负荷冲击期间膜污染更严重,膜面污染层EPS含量显著增加;太阳能微动力A²O-MBR系统能减少10%的碳排放.     

壳聚糖-海藻酸钠固定化菌小球处理猪场沼液

采用包埋法,以海藻酸钠-壳聚糖为载体、自行筛选的高效脱氨氮菌为目标菌制备固定化菌小球,用于去除猪场沼液中的氨氮.优化了固定化小球的制备条件,考察了废水处理条件对氨氮去除效果的影响.结果表明,固定化菌小球的最佳制备条件为：壳聚糖投加量20g/L、海藻酸钠投加量10g/L、目标菌种包埋量2：5（V/V）.处理含氨氮废水时,在不调节废水pH值的条件下,当固定化菌小球投加量为15g/L、反应时间为4h时,氨氮的去除率为93.9%,其中吸附作用对氨氮的去除率为64.3%,微生物作用对氨氮的去除率为29.6%.扫描电镜表征结果表明,处理废水后,固定化菌小球外部及内部微生物数量明显增多.动力学与等温线拟合结果显示,固定化菌小球对废水中氨氮的去除过程符合准二级反应动力学方程（R²=0.9252）和Langmuir等温线方程（R²=0.9578）.     

航空装备腐蚀维护维修新材料研究进展

针对海洋环境下服役航空装备极易发生腐蚀的问题,介绍了清洗剂、去腐蚀产物膏、缓蚀剂等腐蚀维护维修新材料的研究进展,包括功能、分类、技术指标等。清洗剂用于航空装备的日常清洗、维护以及维修,去除油污等污染物,防止腐蚀;去腐蚀产物膏用于外场航空装备腐蚀产物的原位去除;缓蚀剂用于在不能对现役航空装备的防护体系进行大幅改动的情况下,针对海洋环境下航空装备的防腐蚀需求,对航空装备进行附加防护或临时防护。综合运用腐蚀维护维修新材料进行航空装备的腐蚀防护,可以预防和减少腐蚀的发生,及时对腐蚀部位进行修复,保障航空装备的使用性能和战斗力。     

EDTA直接滴定测定镍

参考磷酸在345~356℃时有强腐蚀性的特点,采有硫磷混合酸消解矿样,能使样品消解完全。本方法经加标校核证明,检测结果重现性好,准确度高。     

Novel Biocomposites Sheet Molding Compounds for Low Cost Housing Panel Applications

Biocomposites were made by a novel high volume processing technique named biocomposite sheet molding compound panel (BCSMCP) manufacturing process. This process design was inspired by the commercial glass fiber–polyester resin composite fabrication method called sheet molding compounding (SMC). This process yields continuous production of biocomposites on a large scale, and thus can be easily adopted in industries. A unique fiber dispersion method, which enabled uniform distribution of natural fibers, was used in this process. Consistency of the process was tested by evaluating the repeatability of the resultant materials mechanical properties. The low cost biocomposites produced as a result of the processing will be used for various panel applications such as housing and transportation. The molded samples were tested for various mechanical and thermal properties, in accordance with ASTM procedures. The biocomposites were made with various natural fibers including, big blue stem grass, jute, and industrial hemp. By combining different natural fibers in varying mass fractions, hybrid biocomposites were made using this process. Grass fiber reinforced polyester biocomposites processed by the SMC line showed very promising results.