CVM中的抗议性响应:动机与影响——以胶州湾浒苔治理支付意愿为例

抗议性响应是意愿调查法应用中受访者表现出的典型策略性行为,可能导致对资源环境物品或服务的估值出现偏差。识别抗议性响应影响因素并降低其对支付意愿的影响,有助于提高CVM估值效度。以胶州湾海域居民浒苔治理支付意愿为例,以抗议性信念作为受访者抗议性响应的度量指标,筛选抗议性信念的驱动因素,量化各驱动因素对支付意愿的影响方向及程度。研究结果表明:（1）愿意支付的受访者仍然具有抗议性信念,且在个别测量题项中,其抗议性信念甚至高于拒绝支付群体。（2）环境关注、搭便车顾虑、暖光效应等变量均对受访者抗议性信念存在影响。（3）抗议性信念水平对受访者参与决策与支付意愿金额均存在显著负向影响,抗议性信念变量对参与和支付决策的影响方向与程度存在差异,进一步证明参与和支付决策是不同的机制。研究结论将对优化CVM问卷设计、规范操作流程、减少评估偏差具有指导意义。     

进水碳氮比对脱氮污泥羟胺氧化酶活性及N_2O产生的影响

在以A/O方式运行的SBR工艺中,研究了3种不同进水碳氮比下硝化与反硝化过程中污泥羟胺氧化酶(HAO)活性变化、N2O的产生/释放规律及两者之间的关联性.结果表明,当C/N=3.5与C/N=9.5时,HAO平均酶活性分别为(283.77±19.64),(348.87±17.94)U/g MLSS,而C/N=6.5条件下的平均酶活性仅为(246.45±23.30)U/g MLSS,总体上3个条件下缺氧阶段HAO活性均较好氧阶段高;反应过程中HAO的活性变化趋势基本与气态N_2O释放速率、溶解态N_2O及亚硝氮的浓度变化趋势成正相关,在C/N=9.5下好氧段HAO活性与后三者呈现完全一致的变化规律.N_2O主要产生于好氧阶段进行的硝化过程,尤其是羟胺氧化是N_2O产生的主要环节;碳源相对不充分的条件下(如C/N=3.5),缺氧段N_2O的释放与HAO活性关系密切;碳源相对较充分的条件下,缺氧段N_2O的产生与HAO酶活性无明显关联.推测可能是因为缺乏电子受体NO_2~-而导致HAO酶未参与反应;在N_2O产生较多的条件下,HAO活性相对也较高.     

垂直流人工湿地有机质含量分布特征

利用3种复合基质(沸石+泥炭+红壤、河砂+泥炭+红壤、蛭石+泥炭+红壤,体积比均为18∶1∶1)构建模拟垂直流人工湿地处理人工合成污水,分析基质灭菌与接种污水等情况下,不同基质层w(OM)(OM为有机质)的分布特征. 结果表明:3种复合基质初始w(OM)依次为1.011、6.654和15.896 g/kg,存在显著差异(P<0.01). 复合基质2经灭菌后w(OM)下降26.77%,说明河砂微生物活性最高. 基质灭菌和接种3%污水对湿地w(OM)分布的影响均比较显著(P<0.05),主要是改变了表层的w(OM). 湿地运行45 d后,w(OM)沿基质深度增加明显,并且分布差异显著(P<0.01),OM主要分布于表层;其中复合基质3不灭菌+不接种污水湿地表层的w(OM)高达42.008 g/kg,运行90 d后增至44.228 g/kg,说明蛭石的吸附作用最强. 吸附和微生物作用对复合基质3湿地表层OM积累的贡献大小表现为吸附作用>基质微生物作用>接种污水微生物作用.      

The path(s) to employee trust in direct supervisor in nascent and established relationships: A fuzzy set analysis

While many of the propositions advanced by Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman's (1995) integrative model of interpersonal trust have been supported empirically, we still know little about how time impacts the relative importance of the model's elements. In addition, there may be situations in which trust can develop with lesser degrees of any of the trustworthiness facets or propensity to trust. Hence, we apply a configurational set‐theoretic perspective to examine what combinations will be sufficient to produce the presence of trust in a direct supervisor across nascent and established relationships. We find three distinct configurations associated with trust in supervisor, which allows us to elaborate theory and provide novel insights to trust research. In particular, we find that in both nascent and established relationships, perceptions of high supervisor ability, benevolence, and integrity constitute a sufficient configuration for high trust in supervisor. In established relationships, however, there were two paths to high trust in supervisor: (i) perceptions of high supervisor ability and integrity, or (ii) perceptions of high supervisor ability and benevolence, accompanied by high propensity to trust. As such, in established relationships, perceptions of high supervisor benevolence and high propensity to trust may be substitutable with perceptions of high supervisor integrity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于岭估计的青海省东部农业区ET_0遥感反演研究

论文利用青海东部农业区内的12个气象站2003—2005年气象资料,应用Penman-Monteith公式计算得到各站逐旬的ET_0值,并进一步研究其与高程(DEM)、地表温度(LST)及归一化植被指数(NDVI)3个因子之间的关系,提取遥感数据并耦合到时间分辨率为旬,空间分辨率为1 km,将其与计算所得ET_0建立多元反演模型。由于3个自变量因子之间存在着很强的相关关系,LST与NDVI间判定系数R2平均在0.7左右,不能直接用最小二乘回归方法建立模型。为有效避免自变量间相关性对模型的影响,研究中采用岭估计方法建模。结果表明,通过岭估计建立2003年10~33旬区域二元模型反演最低精度达76.19%,区域三元模型反演最低精度也有83.54%。与传统方法所建模型相比,检查点均方根误差减小约1.1,反演最低精度提高11%左右,能满足实际应用需求。     

聚碳酸酯在不同试验方式下的光老化行为研究

目的研究不同试验方式下聚碳酸酯的光老化行为。方法对比聚碳酸酯在自然暴露试验、自然加速光老化试验及实验室光源暴露试验中的缺口冲击强度变化,分析各种加速试验方式对自然暴露试验的模拟性。结果聚碳酸酯在拉萨户外自然暴露中,其缺口冲击强度随试验时间的延长而降低。单轴跟踪暴露和跟踪太阳反射聚能暴露这两种自然加速光老化试验方式对户外自然暴露的模拟性均较好,加速倍率分别约为1.5,6。氙弧灯下的暴露试验对自然暴露试验的模拟性比紫外冷荧灯、金属卤素灯高。结论跟踪太阳反射聚能暴露、氙弧灯下暴露可推荐为评价聚碳酸酯光老化行为的加速试验方式。     

旋风除尘器的压力损失及减阻措施

通过探讨引起旋风除尘器阻力损失的原因，提出了相应的减阻措施－安装导向板和内筒。     

GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN LAKE ENVIRONMENTS,WITH MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT. Evaluation of lakes as they are related to groundwater flow systems is of special concern prior to efficient development and planning operations. Both naturally occurring and artificially created lakes are being developed rapidly as recreational and residential areas. Simultaneously, field verification of theoretical groundwater flow system behavior has progressed to the point where hydrogeologists trained to understand basic concepts of flow-system analysis can begin to broaden their research and service base, and to work closer with planners, developers, and engineers. It is suggested that particular efforts be directed toward a greater evaluation of physical, chemical, and biological aspects of potentially developable lake sites to aid in selecting use patterns in accord with these factors. Many lake developments are not in harmony with the physical environment. The resulting misuse of resources is often expressed as accelerated eutrophication of lakes, or by quality degradation of shallow groundwater flow systems contiguous to them. Lakes can no longer be considered as separate entities. Methodology for investigating the interchange of surface and near-surface water is adequate however, the application of known interchange relationships is inadequate. .     

GENERATED MONTHLY STREAMFLOWS FOR THE MIDWESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT A critical examination of single gage site, monthly streamflow statistical characteristics for two southern Illinois rivers, an Oklahoma river and a Texas river was made using a digital computer at Northwestern University. High flow variability for the rivers was evident in that, for the rivers tested, 8 to 11 months had coefficients of variation in excess of unity. The gamma distribution was not as efficient as the normal distribution for fitting power or logarithmic transforms of the historical monthly flow data (i.e., F^1-0, F^0-5, F^0-25, Fa¹²⁵, F^0.085, and log F). No single transform to a normal distribution was adequate for all twelve monthly flows, since definite seasonal grouping patterns were found for the four rivers examined. The highly variable flow in the low-flow season(s) indicated much more skewness than was typical of the remainder of the year. For the low-flow seasons, the higher-root (smaller exponent) transforms were particularly useful. Flows were generated from a linear regression model of lag one utilizing two or more transforms for the twelve periods. The definite seasonal patterns found historically were reproduced quite well in the generated streamflows. The effect of a change in data transform from one season to the next was insignificant after one month. Thus the use of different transforms within the year did not bias the results from the linear regression model appreciably, but did help in reproducing the seasonal distribution pattern. The technique seems especially well suited for rivers with highly variable flows.     

论大气灾害链

本文从功能、结构和本质三个角度给出了灾害链的定义，提出了灾害环、致灾体和可能受灾体（移动或静止）的概念，对现实中的大气灾害链进行了分类；分析了它们的共性与个性。对其引起破坏作用和造成损失的因素，从致灾体、可能受灾体和灾体环境及其相互关系进行了探讨；对由此而引出的减防救灾的四种途径与“除、抑、避、抗、保、跑、救、治”八项指导原则，和与其有关的战略、策略及组织问题进行了简略讨论。