一株高效解磷细菌的紫外诱变选育及其在红壤稻田施用效果

红壤对磷有强大吸附固定力,磷肥易被土壤中活性铁、铝固定而使有效态磷转化为各种形态的非有效磷,从而大大降低磷肥的利用率。解磷菌能使土壤中难溶性或不溶性的磷转化为易于被植物吸收利用的磷。通过对江西鹰潭红壤分离筛选并经过紫外诱变获得一株性状稳定的高效解磷细菌Y8。经鉴定,菌株Y8为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）。通过与生产中应用的徐州华龙高效复合菌肥厂的解磷细菌X3相比,菌株Y8降解有机磷、溶解Ca3（PO4）2的能力均比较高,分别为155.3mg·L^-1和240.1mg·L^-1。研究各种理化因子对菌株Y8解磷能力的影响,确定了菌株Y8的最佳培养条件为葡萄糖20g·L^-1、NH4（SO4）21.5g·L^-1、pH7.0、温度为35℃,在该条件下菌株Y8溶解Ca3（PO4）2的量为295.6mg·L^-1。在江西鹰潭红壤稻田的施用试验表明,将菌株Y8制成微生物菌剂施用于水稻田可起到减施化肥的作用。     

Elevated atmospheric ozone increases concentration of insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac protein in Bt Brassica napus and reduces feeding of a Bt target herbivore on the non-transgenic parent

Sustained cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crops requires stable transgene expression under variable abiotic conditions. We studied the interactions of Bt toxin production and chronic ozone exposure in Bt cry1Ac-transgenic oilseed rape and found that the insect resistance trait is robust under ozone elevations. Bt Cry1Ac concentrations were higher in the leaves of Bt oilseed rape grown under elevated ozone compared to control treatment, measured either per leaf fresh weight or per total soluble protein of leaves. The mean relative growth rate of a Bt target herbivore, Plutella xylostella L. larvae was negative on Bt plants in all ozone treatments. On the non-transgenic plants, larval feeding damage was reduced under elevated ozone. Our results indicate the need for monitoring fluctuations in Bt toxin concentrations to reveal the potential of ozone exposure for altering dosing of Bt proteins to target and non-target herbivores in field environments experiencing increasing ozone pollution.     

一株耐镉细菌的分离及其富集Cd的机理

从重金属镉污染土壤中筛选到一株对镉具有较强抗性和富集能力的细菌RC。经形态学观察和生理生化鉴定以及16SrDNA序列分析,RC为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）。在不同镉浓度液体培养条件下研究了菌体的生长曲线,并探讨了RC菌株对Zn、Cu的抗性,结果显示RC对不同重金属的抗性机制存在一定的差异。利用扫描电镜、透射电镜观察了镉在RC胞内外的沉积作用及分布情况,结果表明,在镉浓度为150 mg/L时菌体细胞壁及其内部可见大量的高电子密度颗粒,同时在菌体表面也有沉淀物附着。因此,胞内外沉积作用可能是该菌对高浓度镉的抗性和富集作用的重要途径。通过红外光谱探讨了RC积累镉前后细胞壁表面化学基团的变化情况,结果发现RC的细胞壁上参与积累作用的化学官能团主要有—OH、—NH、—CO和—CO—NH—等。     

产中性纤维素酶芽孢杆菌Y106产酶条件优化

筛选得到一株高产中性纤维素酶的芽孢杆菌Ｙ１０６,并对其发酵条件进行了优化,麸皮能够较大幅度地促进产酶,果糖是良好的诱导物,有机氮流促进产酶的效果优于无机氮源,最优的有机氮源是蛋白胨。Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｎａ＾＋、Ｃａ＾２＋可以促进纤维素酶的合成,而Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ａｇ＾＋、Ｃｏ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋则对合成起遏制作用,在酶反应系统中Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋能激活纤维素酶活性,Ｃｏ     

Surface reaction of Bacillus cereus biomass and its biosorption for lead and copper ions

In this study, the surface chemical functional groups of Bacillus cereus biomass were identified by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） analytical technique. It had been shown that the B. cereus cells mainly contained carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, amino and amide functional groups. The potentiometric titration was conducted to explain the surface acid-base properties of aqueous B. cereus biomass. The computer program FITEQL 4.0 was used to perform the model calculations. The optimization results indicated that three sitesthree pKas model, which assumed the cell surface to have three distinct types of surface organic functional groups based on the IR analysis results, simulated the experimental results very well. Moreover, batch adsorption experiments were performed to investigate biosorption behavior of Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） ions onto the biomass. Obviously, the adsorption equilibrium data for the two ions were reasonably described by typical Langmuir isotherm.     

Degradation of a Terephthalate-containing Polyester by Thermophilic Actinomycetes and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> Species Derived from Composts

We intended to find thermophilic degraders of terephthalate-containing Biomax^® films. Films in mesh bags were buried in composts (inside temperature: approximately 55–60 °C), resulting in the degradation of them in 2 weeks. Fluorescent microscopy of films recovered from composts showed that microorganisms gradually covered the surface of a film during composting. DGGE analysis of microorganisms on the composted film indicated the presence of Bacillus species as main species (approximately 80% of microbial flora) and actinomycetes (approximately 10–20%) as the second major flora. Isolation of Biomax^®-utilizing bacteria was focused on these two genera: two actinomycetes and one Bacillus species were isolated as pure best degraders from the composted polymer films, which were fragmented into small pieces. All the strains were thermophilic and identified, based on their 16S rDNA analyses. Degradation of polymer films was confirmed by (1) accelerated fragmentation of films in composts, compared with a control (no inoculum) and resultant decrease in molecular weights, (2) growth in a powdered Biomax^® medium, compared with a control without powdered Biomax^®, and (3) production of terephthalate in a powdered Biomax^® medium. In this way, we concluded that these bacteria were useful for degradation of thermostable Biomax^® products.     

短小芽孢杆菌A—30耐碱性木聚糖酶基因的分子生物学研究

采用PCR方法对短小芽孢杆菌A－30菌株的耐碱性木聚糖酶基因进行克隆。在木聚糖选择平板上用刚果红染色法筛选出阳性克隆,提取阳性克隆的重组质粒进行酶切鉴定和测序。该基因在大肠杆菌中表达,过夜培养物胞外、胞内和周质空间的木聚糖酶酶活分别为0．159IUmL^-1、0.322IUmL^-1和0.007IUmL^-1。此木聚糖酶表现出较宽的pH作用范围,最适作用pH7左右,在pH9时仍有60％以上的酶活性。图4参14     

Bacillus natto TK-2产γ-絮凝活性的研究

对γ-聚谷氨酸的絮凝活性进行了研究,得出了其最佳絮凝条件为:γ-聚谷氨酸投加浓度为10mg/L;絮凝体系的pH为7.0;γ-聚谷氨酸在80℃以下都能保持很高的絮凝活性;添加不同种类的K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Al3+能不同程度地提高γ-聚谷氨酸的絮凝活性,其中添加Ca2+的助凝效果最好,最终选择Ca2+为最佳的助凝离子并确定添加浓度为100mg/L。     

铁铝复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附作用研究

铁铝氧化物是土壤的重要组分之一,其对土壤中有机无机组分的迁移具有重要影响.本文以枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌为研究对象,通过批吸附实验和DLVO理论,探究铁铝复合氧化物对细菌的粘附作用及其作用机制.结果表明,铁铝复合氧化物对细菌的粘附随着平衡浓度的增加而增加,吸附过程可用Langmuir方程拟合.铁铝1∶3复合氧化物对枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌的最大吸附量分别为3717.43和2792.29 mg·g~(-1),铁铝3∶1复合氧化物对枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌的最大吸附量分别为3455.58和2760.33 mg·g~(-1).随着pH值的增大,两种铁铝复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附量均呈下降趋势.铁铝1∶3复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附量均大于铁铝3∶1复合氧化物.静电吸引力是铁铝复合氧化物与细菌之间相互作用的主要因素之一.     

一株溶藻细菌的分离鉴定及其溶藻特性

从对藻类及藻毒素有良好去除作用的海绵固定化微生物系统中分离到一株溶藻细菌P0 7,对该菌溶解铜绿微囊藻(Microcystisaeruginosa)、栅藻(Scenedesmus)及小球藻(Chlorella)的效果、溶藻方式进行了研究,利用16SrDNA序列分析对其进行了鉴定.结果表明,该菌株不但对铜绿微囊藻具有良好的溶解效果,而且对淡水中常见的栅藻及小球藻也具有良好的去除作用.初始菌浓度越大,溶藻效果越明显,达到最佳溶藻效果的时间越短.当菌浓度为2 . 4×10 7个·mL- 1 时,3d后铜绿微囊藻的去除率可达到81 .67% .该菌溶藻无需菌体与藻细胞直接接触,是通过分泌某种非蛋白质类物质溶藻.该菌革兰氏染色呈阳性,可运动;不能利用大多数常见碳源.16SrDNA序列分析表明,P0 7菌株与多株芽孢杆菌的16SrDNA核苷酸序列的同源性均在99. 7%以上,归属于芽孢杆菌属.