海水养殖场底泥中转化硫和磷化合物的微生物及其多样性

对福建某近海养虾场底泥环境中硫和磷2种元素的微生物代谢进行了研究.结果表明,细菌代谢有机硫和无机硫产H₂S是养殖过程中造成H₂S污染的主要因素,利用半胱氨酸和硫代硫酸钠产生硫化氢的细菌数量分别为 1.6×10⁶和4.35×10³ 个·g^-1底泥;进一步研究发现,芽孢杆菌属、盐芽孢杆菌属和微杆菌属等细菌是产H₂S的优势菌群,而硫酸盐还原菌的数量较少,仅为25个·g^-1,其产H2S的作用不明显.研究还发现,转化有机磷和无机磷酸盐的优势菌群属于好氧细菌,其中分解卵磷脂的细菌和产磷酸酯酶细菌的数量分别为2.17×10⁵和 1.21×10⁶个·g^-1,转化磷酸钙的细菌数量为6.96×10³个·g^-1.本文从微生物学的角度探讨了养殖环境中硫、磷化合物的转化,提出细菌好氧代谢产H₂S是养殖环境潜在的污染因素,给出了一些改善和修复养殖环境生态的建议.     

钾细菌在剩余污泥资源化中的应用

通过对钾细菌在剩余污泥中的接种,利用钾细菌将土壤中难溶性钾转化为可溶性钾是增加作物钾素营养的一个途径,将含大量钾细菌的剩余污泥制成的微生物肥料应用于农田中,从而达到剩余污泥的资源化利用,为剩余污泥的科学处理提供依据。     

十溴联苯醚(BDE209)对蜡状芽胞杆菌吸附/释放金属离子的影响

针对重金属及多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)复合污染问题,以蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)复合菌为吸附材料,研究了十溴联苯醚(BDE209)对蜡状芽孢杆菌复合菌吸附及释放金属离子的影响.结果表明,蜡状芽孢杆菌复合菌对低浓度的Pb(II)(0.712mg·L-1)、Zn(II)(4.844mg·L-1)具有快速、高效、稳定的吸附能力,最高吸附率分别达到98.31%和97.83%;对低浓度的Cu(II)(1.915mg·L-1)也能起到一定的去除作用,吸附率最高可达59.90%.复合菌吸附重金属离子的同时,释放了其他金属离子:Ca(II)、K(I)、Na(I),且释放总量大于吸附总量.不同浓度的BDE209对复合菌吸附重金属产生不同的影响.1mg·L-1的BDE209基本表现为促进复合菌对重金属的吸附;而10mg·L-1的BDE209在0～4h之间促进复合菌对Pb(II)、Zn(II)的吸附,在反应4h后明显抑制吸附作用,而对Cu(II)则始终表现为促进作用.BDE209对金属离子释放的影响主要体现在反应的初始阶段(0～4h),表现为高浓度的BDE209减缓K(I)、Na(I)的释放.     

集约化养猪废水SBR中17β-雌二醇高效降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从集约化养猪废水生物处理SBR的活性污泥中分离到3株高效降解17β-雌二醇(E2)的菌株,分别命名为ha、chs和hc。研究表明,这3株菌以E2为惟一碳源,在4 d内对初始浓度为1 mg/L E2的降解率为70%～95%。25℃条件下菌ha、chs和hc的一级反应动力学常数分别为0.0086、0.072和0.013。在温度为37℃时,3株菌的降解效率最高,在高浓度的氨氮和碱性pH的条件下,这3株菌均存在降解作用。其中,pH 9.05时,一级动力学常数菌ha降至0.0066,菌chs升至0.076,菌hc降至0.012。同时,在添加C源后,对降解有促进作用,并且C/N比在15∶1时降解效果较好。3株菌的一级反应动力学常数分别升到0.027、0.73和0.021。经16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定为枯草芽孢肝菌(Bacillus subtilis)。     

耐盐性毒死蜱降解混合菌的构建及其降解特性

为明确蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)混合菌株对毒死蜱的降解效果,采用正交实验的方法构建混合菌。以混合菌对毒死蜱的降解率和菌株的生长量为依据,利用单一因素实验考察了不同因素对混合菌降解毒死蜱的影响。结果表明:构建的混合菌中三菌株的体积比为1∶1∶3。在含80 mg/L毒死蜱的反应体系中,最适接菌量为8%(V/V),最适pH为7。在实验浓度下,混合菌对毒死蜱的降解符合一级动力学方程。混合菌对盐分有较高的耐受度,当反应液中氯化钠浓度在20～100 g/L之间时,混合菌对80 mg/L毒死蜱的降解率最高达61%。     

Solvent tolerant marine bacterium Bacillus aquimaris secreting organic solvent stable alkaline cellulase

The organic solvent tolerant bacteria with their physiological abilities to decontaminate the organic pollutants have potentials to secrete extracellular enzymes of commercial importance. Of the 19 marine bacterial isolates examined for their solvent tolerance at 10 vol.% concentration, one had the significant tolerance and showed a relative growth yield of 86% for acetone, 71% for methanol, 52% for benzene, 35% for heptane, 24% for toluene and 19% for ethylacetate. The phylogenetic analysis of this strain using 16S rDNA sequence revealed 99% homology with Bacillus aquimaris. The cellulase enzyme secreted by this strain under normal conditions showed an optimum activity at pH 11 and 45 °C. The enzyme did show functional stability even at higher pH (12) and temperature (75 °C) with residual activity of 85% and 95% respectively. The enzyme activity in the presence of different additives were in the following order: Co⁺² > Fe⁺² > NaOCl₂ > CuSO₄ > KCl > NaCl. The enzyme stability in the presence of solvents at 20 vol.% concentration was highest in benzene with 122% followed by methanol (85%), acetone (75%), toluene (73%) and heptane (42%). The pre-incubation of enzyme in ionic liquids such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide increased its activity to 150% and 155% respectively. The change in fatty acid profile with different solvents further elucidated the physiological adaptations of the strain to tolerate such extreme conditions.     

胶质芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉及与沸石联合对模拟废水中Fe~（3＋）处理研究

研究沸石、胶质芽孢杆菌（Bacillus mucilaginosus）、黑曲霉（Aspergillus Niger）、胶质芽孢杆菌与沸石联合以及黑曲霉与沸石联合对模拟废水中Fe3＋的吸附等温曲线,分析它们对Fe3＋模拟废水的吸附及絮凝作用。结果表明：沸石对Fe3＋吸附作用符合Freundlich方程;胶质芽孢杆菌分泌含有—OH和COO-的胞外多糖,对Fe3＋具有较好的吸附效果;沸石与胶质芽孢杆菌联合对模拟废水中Fe3＋的处理,低浓度以沸石对Fe3＋的吸附为主,加入胶质芽孢杆菌絮凝剂使吸附了Fe3＋的沸石进行絮凝沉降,吸附等温曲线符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,高浓度两者共同作用使吸附量增加;黑曲霉对Fe3＋的吸附符合BET吸附等温方程;沸石与黑曲霉两者共同作用对Fe3＋模拟废水吸附等温曲线为直线。通过去除效果对比分析可知：胶质芽孢杆菌既有吸附又有絮凝功能;胶质芽孢杆菌絮凝剂无论是对Fe3＋的吸附还是对吸附Fe3＋沸石的絮凝都比黑曲霉对Fe3＋处理效果好;胶质芽孢杆菌和一些非金属矿物复合处理污染废水是一种无毒、低成本环保的处理方法,本研究将为它们在工程中的应用提供实践依据。     

Dose transfer of Bacillus thuringiensis from cabbage to the diamondback moth: A graphical simulator

Abstract

The application of agrichemicals is a highly inefficient process and one of the main causes of the environmental and health risks currently associated with pesticide usage. Efforts to mitigate this inefficiency have largely been unsuccessful, due principally to the poor understanding of the processes involved in the spray application of pesticides, from atomization to biological effect. A generalized model of the application system for pesticides from atomization to biological result is described in this overview. The model allows the investigation of the biological consequences of altering the application parameters for the bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis when used against the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) with cabbage as the substrate. Parameters input into the model include the in‐flight droplet size frequency distribution of the spray cloud, spatial distribution of the deposit, spread and subsequent environmental degradation of the deposit, and behavioral and toxicological effects.

It is hoped that such a modelling approach can afford insights into the application process, and, through a better understanding of the inefficient but still highly effective hydraulic application systems used worldwide, reduce that inefficiency to tolerable levels.     

Molecular characterization of soil bacteria antagonistic to Rhizoctonia solani,sheath blight of rice

Bacillus pumillus MTCC7615 has been identified as a potent isolate against Rhizocotonia solani, the fungal pathogen causing sheath blight in rice. The study aimed at probing the role of a 23kb size plasmid pJCP07 of Bacillus pumillus MTCC7615 in its fungal antagonism towards Rhizocotonia solani. Plasmid pJCP07 was found to be involved in production of a fungal antagonistic compound as demonstrated by plasmid curing and conjugational transfer experiments. Tn5 insertional studies further confirmed that the plasmid pJCP07 of Bacillus pumillus MTCC7615 carries some of the gene(s) involved in production of compound antagonistic to Rhizocotonia solani. The plasmid pJCP07 is thus a mobilizable medium-sized plasmid carrying genes responsible for antagonism of Bacillus pumillus MTCC7615 towards Rhizocotonia solani.     

好氧砷还原菌对吸附态砷迁移转化的影响

利用静态和动态土柱实验初步研究了好氧砷还原菌Bacillus sp.SXB在砷迁移转化过程中的作用。结果表明,在静态实验中,菌株SXB可以有效还原吸附在针铁矿上的五价砷;在动态土柱实验中,由于原土中砷是以三价砷形式存在,因此,不论是空白对照还是菌株SXB加入处理,出水中砷均为三价砷;当孔隙体积大于100时,铁的溶出开始增加。菌株SXB的加入,轻微地促进了土壤中砷的释放,而对铁的释放并没有明显影响。