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131.
Accidental Versus Operational Oil Spills from Shipping in the Baltic Sea: Risk Governance and Management Strategies 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Marine governance of oil transportation is complex. Due to difficulties in effectively monitoring procedures on vessels en
voyage, incentives to save costs by not following established regulations on issues such as cleaning of tanks, crew size,
and safe navigation may be substantial. The issue of problem structure is placed in focus, that is, to what degree the specific
characteristics and complexity of intentional versus accidental oil spill risks affect institutional responses. It is shown
that whereas the risk of accidental oil spills primarily has been met by technical requirements on the vessels in combination
with Port State control, attempts have been made to curb intentional pollution by for example increased surveillance and smart
governance mechanisms such as the No-Special-Fee system. It is suggested that environmental safety could be improved by increased
use of smart governance mechanisms tightly adapted to key actors’ incentives to alter behavior in preferable directions. 相似文献
132.
Strumińska-Parulska DI Skwarzec B Fabisiak J 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(12):1105-1111
The aim of the paper was plutonium (238Pu and 239+240Pu) determination in seabirds, permanently or temporarily living in northern Poland at the Baltic Sea coast. Together 11 marine birds species were examined: 3 species permanently residing in the southern Baltic, 4 species of wintering birds and 3 species of migrating birds. The obtained results indicated plutonium is non-uniformly distributed in organs and tissues of analyzed seabirds. The highest plutonium content was found in the digestion organs and feathers, the smallest in skin and muscles. The plutonium concentration was lower in analyzed species which feed on fish and much higher in herbivorous species. The main source of plutonium in analyzed marine birds was global atmospheric fallout. 相似文献
133.
In this study, a consistent basin-wise monthly time series of the atmospheric nutrient load to the Baltic Sea during 1850-2006 was compiled. Due to the lack of a long time series (1850-1960) of nutrient deposition to the Baltic Sea, the data set was compiled by combining a time series of deposition data at the Baltic Nest Institute from 1970 to 2006, published historical monitoring data and deposition estimates, as well as recent modeled Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) emission estimates. The procedure for nitrogen compounds included estimation of the deposition in a few intermediate reference years, linear interpolation between them, and the decomposition of annual deposition into a seasonal deposition pattern. As no reliable monitoring results were found for the atmospheric deposition of phosphorus during the early period of our study, we used published estimates for the temporal and spatial pattern of the phosphorus load. 相似文献
134.
Gustafsson BG Schenk F Blenckner T Eilola K Meier HE Müller-Karulis B Neumann T Ruoho-Airola T Savchuk OP Zorita E 《Ambio》2012,41(6):534-548
A comprehensive reconstruction of the Baltic Sea state from 1850 to 2006 is presented: driving forces are reconstructed and the evolution of the hydrography and biogeochemical cycles is simulated using the model BALTSEM. Driven by high resolution atmospheric forcing fields (HiResAFF), BALTSEM reproduces dynamics of salinity, temperature, and maximum ice extent. Nutrient loads have been increasing with a noteworthy acceleration from the 1950s until peak values around 1980 followed by a decrease continuing up to present. BALTSEM shows a delayed response to the massive load increase with most eutrophic conditions occurring only at the end of the simulation. This is accompanied by an intensification of the pelagic cycling driven by a shift from spring to summer primary production. The simulation indicates that no improvement in water quality of the Baltic Sea compared to its present state can be expected from the decrease in nutrient loads in recent decades. 相似文献
135.
Pike DA 《Environmental management》2008,41(4):461-464
Individual sea turtle nests have an extremely low probability of producting adult turtles; thus the practice of moving nests
away from the ocean (where they will not be inundated by seawater) is a questionable conservation strategy. Recently in Environmental Management, Mrosovosky used the repeatability of nesting female turtles to place their eggs in certain locations to infer that some
females may consistently nest in areas which will be flooded, lowering the chance that any eggs will hatch. This information
was used to hypothesize that saving “doomed” sea turtle nests may then alter the genetic composition of the population, ultimately
resulting in turtles that nest in poor habitats. Here I question Mrosovosky’s argument by focusing on several weaknesses inherent
in the original article, namely that at present there is no evidence to suggest that nest-site selection is a heritable trait
with an underlying genetic basis. 相似文献
136.
137.
PAH Metabolites in Bile Fluids of Dab (Limanda limanda) and Flounder (Platichthys flesus): Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Changes (7 pp) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kammann U 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(2):102-108
Background, Aim and Scope
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are important environmental contaminants which may lead to increased levels of neoplastic
aberrations or tumours in fish liver. Therefore, monitoring of PAH and their effects are part of several international environmental
programmes. The aim of the present field study was to investigate the concentrations of the PAH metabolites in fish bile,
to elucidate spatial, seasonal and species differences as well as to discuss different strategies of normalisation with regard
to environmental monitoring.
Materials and Methods:
PAH metabolites were determined in the bile fluid of dab (Limanda limanda) and flounder (Platichthys flesus) caught in the
North Sea and Baltic Sea between 1997 and 2004. After enzymatic deconjugation, two metabolites were determined by means of
HPLC. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were calculated. The accuracy of the method was tested with a
standard reference material. Results were referred to bile volume as well as to biliverdin.
Results:
The main metabolite, 1-hydroxypyrene, was determined in concentrations from <0.7 to 838 ng/ml in bile of dab (Limanda limanda)
and flounder (Platichthys flesus) caught between 1997 and 2004. The values for 1-hydroxyphenanthrene in fish bile were considerably
lower (<0.4 – 87 ng/ml). Significant differences in the 1-hydroxypyrene levels were found between summer and winter surveys
as well as between the sampling sites in the data set from 2004 (383 dabs and 62 flounders): Highest levels of PAH contamination
were found in dab from the German Bight and in flounder from the Baltic Sea.
Discussion:
Spatial differences in 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations between North Sea and Baltic Sea were discussed, as well as differences
in relation to season, sex and species. Three parameters of normalisation (biliary protein, biliverdin and bile pigments)
were discussed. Biliverdin was identified as a suitable parameter for the normalisation of PAH metabolites in field samples.
Conclusions:
Spatial differences in 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations of dab demonstrate the usefulness of PAH metabolites in fish bile as
a monitoring parameter in marine regions. Significant differences in 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations were found between summer
and winter sampling campaigns. This may be linked to an annual cycle of 1-hydroxyprene in dab. It is also possible that bile
synthesis/release in dab differs between the seasons. There is no indication for a time trend from 1997 to 2004.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
It is recommended to relate PAH metabolites in fish bile to biliverdin concentrations. Although the concentrations are low
in offshore regions and bile volumes are small, the method presented here allows one to measure PAH metabolites on an individual
level which is a crucial prerequisite for meaningful monitoring studies. 相似文献
138.
Sex-specific nest defense in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) varies with badge size of males 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Heinz-Ulrich Reyer Wiltrud Fischer Pascale Steck Thomas Nabulon Philip Kessler 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,42(2):93-99
According to indicator models of sexual selection, females can benefit from choosing males with above average epigamic traits,
but empirical evidence for such benefits is scarce. Here, we report results from an experiment with 29 pairs of house sparrows
(Passer domesticus) where the intensity of nest defense against a mounted mustelid predator was related to the size of the black throat and
breast patch (“badge”) in males. Using principal components analysis (PCA), original response variables of both sexes were
reduced to two factors: “Approach” to the predator and “Distant warning”. “Approach”, the more risky behavior, increased from
small- through medium- to large-badged males and decreased in their females. Since large-badged males have a higher certainty
of paternity (i.e. greater benefits from defense) and may be older and more experienced (i.e. incur lower costs), the most
likely explanation for male defense intensity increasing with badge size is an improving benefit/cost ratio. The resulting
optimal response of their females and evolutionarily stable participation in joint parental care is illustrated by a graphical
model. It shows that females would, indeed, benefit directly from choosing large-badged males. This, however, is no proof
of a direct evolutionary tie between badge size and paternal behavior, as assumed by indicator models of sexual selection.
It may simply represent a spurious relationship, originating from the correlation of badge size and defense with confidence
of paternity.
Received: 22 September 1997 / Accepted after revision: 3 November 1997 相似文献
139.
Coastal dunes around the Baltic Sea have received small amounts of atmospheric nitrogen and are rather pristine ecosystems in this respect. In 19 investigated dune sites the atmospheric wet nitrogen deposition is 3-8 kg N ha−1 yr−1. The nitrogen content of Cladonia portentosa appeared to be a suitable biomonitor of these low to medium deposition levels. Comparison with EMEP-deposition data showed that Cladonia reflects the deposition history of the last 3-6 years. With increasing nitrogen load, we observed a shift from lichen-rich short grass vegetation towards species-poor vegetation dominated by the tall graminoid Carex arenaria. Plant species richness per field site, however, does not decrease directly with these low to medium N deposition loads, but with change in vegetation composition. Critical loads for acidic, dry coastal dunes might be lower than previously thought, in the range of 4-6 kg N ha−1 yr−1 wet deposition. 相似文献
140.
Per StÅlnacke Anders Grimvall Karin Sundblad Andrzej Tonderski 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,58(2):173-200
This article presents the results of the first critical examination of time series of riverine nutrient-load data for the entire Baltic Sea drainage area. Water quality data collected by or for the different national environmental agencies were compiled and analysed statistically to identify and remove inconsistent or obviously incorrect observations. Moreover, sampling tours were undertaken to acquire additional information about the present nutrient concentrations in the largest rivers in the study area. Gaps in the time series of approved data were then filled in by employing statistical interpolation and extrapolation methods. Thereafter, the concentration and runoff data were combined to obtain estimates of monthly nutrient loads for the time period 1970–93. The results of the calculations showed that although there had been substantial changes in land use, atmospheric deposition and wastewater treatment in many parts of the study area, the total riverine loads of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the Baltic Sea have been fairly constant since 1980, and most likely also since 1970. Moreover, the interannual variation was clearly correlated to the runoff. The mean annual loads for the time period 1980–93 were found to be about 825 000 tonnes N and 41 000 tonnes P, respectively. This implies that (i) several other investigators have strongly underestimated the riverine loads of nutrients, especially the nitrogen, and that (ii) the riverine loads by far exceed the input to the Baltic Sea from other sources, {i.e.} atmospheric deposition, direct emissions from cities and industries along the Baltic Sea coast and nitrogen fixation by marine algae. 相似文献