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81.
Linked river basin and coastal water models were applied to analyse the effects of an optimal nitrogen management scenario
in the Oder/Odra river basin on water quality in the Oder (Szczecin) Lagoon and the Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea). This scenario
would reduce nitrogen loads into the coastal waters by about 35%, a level which is similar to the load of the late 1960’s.
During summer the primary production and algae biomass in the Oder estuary is limited by nitrogen, which makes a nitrogen
management reasonable. The comparison of the late 1960’s and the mid 1990’s shows that an optimal nitrogen management has
positive effects on coastal water quality and algae biomass. However, this realistic nitrogen reduction scenario would not
ensure a good coastal water quality according to the European Water Framework Directive. A good water quality in the river
will not be sufficient to ensure a good water quality in the lagoon. Nitrogen load reductions bear the risk of increased potentially
toxic, blue-green algae blooms, especially in the Baltic coastal sea. However, to reach water quality improvements in lagoons
and inner coastal waters, nitrogen cuts are necessary. A mere focus on phosphorus is not sufficient. 相似文献
82.
Fred P. Saunders Michael Gilek Sebastian Linke 《Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning》2017,19(6):769-782
How science and policy interact has been a major research focus in the International Relations (IR) tradition, using the epistemic community (EC) concept, as well as in the alternative perspective of Science and Technology Studies (STS). Should science be autonomous and as apolitical as possible in order to ‘speak truth to power’, as suggested by EC or should the inevitable entanglement of science and politics be accepted and embraced so as to make advice more conducive to negotiating the explicit travails of political decision-making as suggested by STS? With this point of departure, we compare similarities and differences between science–policy interactions in the issue areas of eutrophication and fisheries management of the Baltic Sea. To examine how knowledge is mobilised, the concepts of ‘uncertainty’ and ‘coherence’ are developed, drawing on both EC and STS thinking. We then reflect on the explanatory value of these approaches in both cases and discuss how a separation of science and policy-making in the pursuit of achieving scientific consensus leads to ineffectual policies. Drawing on STS thinking, we urge for a re-conceptualisation of coherence in order to accommodate a more reflexive practice of science–policy interactions. 相似文献
83.
By mainly targeting larger predatory fish, commercial fisheries have indirectly promoted rapid increases in densities of their
prey; smaller predatory fish like sprat, stickleback and gobies. This process, known as mesopredator release, has effectively
transformed many marine offshore basins into mesopredator-dominated ecosystems. In this article, we discuss recent indications
of trophic cascades on the Atlantic and Baltic coasts of Sweden, where increased abundances of mesopredatory fish are linked
to increased nearshore production and biomass of ephemeral algae. Based on synthesis of monitoring data, we suggest that offshore
exploitation of larger predatory fish has contributed to the increase in mesopredator fish also along the coasts, with indirect
negative effects on important benthic habitats and coastal water quality. The results emphasize the need to rebuild offshore
and coastal populations of larger predatory fish to levels where they regain their control over lower trophic levels and important
links between offshore and coastal systems are restored. 相似文献
84.
Jönsson AM 《Ambio》2011,40(2):121-132
Scientific complexity and uncertainty is a key challenge for environmental risk governance and to understand how risks are
framed and communicated is of utmost importance. The Baltic Sea ecosystem is stressed and exposed to different risks like
eutrophication, overfishing, and hazardous chemicals. Based on an analysis of the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter, this study discusses media representations of these risks. The results show that the reporting on the Baltic Sea has been
fairly stable since the beginning of the 1990s. Many articles acknowledge several risks, but eutrophication receives the most
attention and is also considered the biggest threat. Authorities, experts, organizations, and politicians are the dominating
actors, while citizens and industry representatives are more or less invisible. Eutrophication is not framed in terms of uncertainty
concerning the risk and consequences, but rather in terms of main causes. 相似文献
85.
86.
This study is based on raw data obtained from 1 225 samples of herring (Clupea harengus), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), and cod (Gadus morhua) collected in the 1994–2003 period from the Polish coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. This paper presents the results of investigations of the contents of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in fish. The aim was to identify temporal trends in trace metal contamination and variations in the concentrations of Hg in the flesh of herring, sprat, and cod of different lengths. A positive correlation between fish length and Hg concentration was noted for cod, sprat, and herring. The temporal trend analyses of heavy metal concentrations in the fish in the 1994–2003 period indicated ten significant downward trends out of eighteen tests; these referred to concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Pb in all the species studied, and to As in sprat. Concentrations of Cu and Zn remained stable in all the species studied, as did As in herring and cod. No upward trends were detected in the concentration of trace metals in the fish studied. Smaller scale temporal variations in concentrations of some elements were also observed and were associated with natural events, such as increased river discharge resulting from floods. The most likely factors which contributed to the observed downward trends in heavy metals concentrations in fish could possibly stem from lesser quantities of Cd, Pb, and Hg being introduced to the Baltic Sea with the waters of rivers from Baltic countries, including Poland, and atmospheric depositions in the 1994–2003 period. Diminishing trends of concentrations of these elements in Baltic Sea waters are also evidence of this. These facts might indicate that advantageous changes are occurring in the concentrations of heavy metals in the southern Baltic environment. 相似文献
87.
Neumann T Eilola K Gustafsson B Müller-Karulis B Kuznetsov I Meier HE Savchuk OP 《Ambio》2012,41(6):574-585
In the future, the Baltic Sea ecosystem will be impacted both by climate change and by riverine and atmospheric nutrient inputs. Multi-model ensemble simulations comprising one IPCC scenario (A1B), two global climate models, two regional climate models, and three Baltic Sea ecosystem models were performed to elucidate the combined effect of climate change and changes in nutrient inputs. This study focuses on the occurrence of extreme events in the projected future climate. Results suggest that the number of days favoring cyanobacteria blooms could increase, anoxic events may become more frequent and last longer, and salinity may tend to decrease. Nutrient load reductions following the Baltic Sea Action Plan can reduce the deterioration of oxygen conditions. 相似文献
88.
The need to develop biological effects monitoring to facilitate a reliable assessment of hazardous substances has been emphasized in the Baltic Sea Action Plan of the Helsinki Commission. An integrated chemical–biological approach is vitally important for the understanding and proper assessment of anthropogenic pressures and their effects on the Baltic Sea. Such an approach is also necessary for prudent management aiming at safeguarding the sustainable use of ecosystem goods and Services. The BEAST project (Biological Effects of Anthropogenic Chemical Stress: Tools for the Assessment of Ecosystem Health) set out to address this topic within the BONUS Programme. BEAST generated a large amount of quality-assured data on several biological effects parameters (biomarkers) in various marine species in different sub-regions of the Baltic Sea. New indicators (biological response measurement methods) and management tools (integrated indices) with regard to the integrated monitoring approach were suggested. 相似文献
89.
This study addresses the exhaust emissions of CO2, NOx, SOx, CO, and PM2.5 originated from Baltic Sea shipping in 2006–2009. Numerical results have been computed using the Ship Traffic Emissions Assessment Model. This model is based on the messages of the automatic identification system (AIS), which enable the positioning of ships with a high spatial resolution. The NOx emissions in 2009 were approximately 7 % higher than in 2006, despite the economic recession. However, the SOx emissions in 2009 were approximately 14 % lower, when compared to those in 2006, mainly caused by the fuel requirements of the SOx emission control area (SECA) which became effective in May 2006, but affected also by changes in ship activity. Results are presented on the differential geographic distribution of shipping emissions before (Jan–April 2006) and after (Jan–April 2009) the SECA regulations. The predicted NOx emissions in 2009 substantially exceeded the emissions in 2006 along major ship routes and at numerous harbors, mostly due to the continuous increase in the number of small vessels that use AIS transmitters. Although the SOx emissions have been reduced in 2009 in most major ship routes, these have increased in the vicinity of some harbors and on some densely trafficked routes. A seasonal variation of emissions is also presented, as well as the distribution of emissions in terms of vessel flag state, type, and weight. 相似文献
90.
Maria Rutkowska Katarzyna Krasowska Aleksandra Heimowska Grażyna Adamus Michał Sobota Marta Musioł Henryk Janeczek Wanda Sikorska Andrej Krzan Ema Žagar Marek Kowalczuk 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2008,16(3):183-191
Degradation of atactic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (a-PHB) binary blends with natural poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV, 12 mol% of 3HV units), has been investigated and compared with plain PHBV in the compost containing
activated sludge and under marine exposure conditions in the dynamic water of the Baltic Sea. Characteristic parameters of
compost and the Baltic Sea water were monitored during the incubation period (6 weeks) and their influence on the degree of
biodegradation is discussed. After specified degradation times of the experiments the weight loss of the samples, surface
changes, changes in molecular weight and polydispersity as well as changes of the composition and thermo-mechanical properties
of the blends have been evaluated. Macroscopic observations of the samples were accompanied by investigations using optical
microscopy, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
and tensile testing. The degree of degradation of blends of a-PHB with PHBV depends on the blend composition and environmental
conditions. In both environments studied the weight loss of plain PHBV was more significant than changes the molecular weight.
In both environments only enzymatic degradation of the blends, which proceeds via surface erosion mechanisms, was observed
during the incubation period. 相似文献