模拟南海大气环境下耐候钢腐蚀性能研究

目的通过室内模拟南海大气环境加速腐蚀试验,对比分析几种钢腐蚀性能优劣,为开发耐南海大气腐蚀用钢提供数据支撑和理论依据。方法分别选用Q235B,Q355和Q500q E三种材料作为研究对象,采用中性盐雾试验方法模拟南海苛刻大气环境对试样进行耐蚀性测试,通过试样表面形貌观察、腐蚀质量损失计算和电化学分析等手段研究其腐蚀行为机制。结果 Q235B表面最先被腐蚀产物完全覆盖,腐蚀速率始终大于另外两种材料。Q355和Q500q E表面膜初期起到延缓腐蚀作用,其中以Q500q E极化阻抗最大,腐蚀表面最为平整。结论模拟南海大气环境下三种试验钢耐蚀性能排序为Q500q EQ355Q235B。     

渤海鳀鱼产卵场关键影响因素识别及变迁预测

为识别影响渤海鳀鱼产卵场分布的关键因素并预测产卵场的未来变迁,采用地理加权回归（GWR）方法,建立了渤海鳀鱼产卵场分布的GWR回归模型,分析了鳀鱼鱼卵分布与环境因子的关系,进而结合海表温度、盐度变化趋势,预测了未来渤海鳀鱼产卵场空间分布的变迁.结果表明,表层海水的温度、硅酸盐浓度、盐度和海水深度是对鳀鱼产卵场分布贡献较大的因素,其回归系数平均值依次为1.296、-1.133、-0.374和0.521,在未来海表温度、盐度变化情景下,一方面,渤海鳀鱼产卵场总面积将呈现缩小的趋势,最大可收缩为现有面积的47%,特别是渤海湾东北部鳀鱼产卵场明显收缩;另一方面,鳀鱼产卵场的密集区会发生迁移,如在辽东湾将出现新的产卵场密集区.GWR方法可以识别变量的空间非平稳性,应用其预测鳀鱼产卵场的未来变迁,可为渤海生态综合管理提供科学依据.     

嵊泗海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染水平、分子组成及源识别

嵊泗海域是舟山渔场的重要组成部分,属于国家海洋特别保护区.为了解嵊泗海域表层沉积物中16种优控PAHs（多环芳烃）的污染特征及潜在风险,于2017年6月采集了嵊泗海域18个站点的表层沉积物样品,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术确定PAHs质量分数及其分子组成,运用特征分子比值法和主成分分析法识别PAHs来源,并采用质量基准法与质量标准法对沉积物中PAHs潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明:①除了Ace与Act外,其他14种PAHs均被检出.除A1站点外,w（Phe）最高,w（Flra）次之.检出的PAHs以3环和4环为主,占总量的71.21%,不同环数PAHs占比大小依次为3环> 4环> 5环> 2环> 6环.w（∑₁₄PAHs）范围为46.38~196.36 ng/g,平均值为109.40 ng/g.整体分布上,嵊泗海域表层沉积物中w（∑₁₄PAHs）呈近岸高于远岸的分布特征.②嵊泗海域表层沉积物中PAHs以煤炭、柴油和生物质等燃烧源为主,部分站点同时受到燃烧源与石油源影响.③各站点的w（∑₁₄PAHs）均低于ERL和OEL,表明嵊泗海域潜在生态风险较小.④与国内外其他区域相比,嵊泗海域表层沉积物中w（∑₁₄PAHs）处于较低污染水平,尚不足以对当地渔业生态环境造成负面影响,但作为我国重要"蓝色粮仓",仍应加强其陆源排放监管.      

Hygroscopic properties of sodium and potassium salts as related to saline mineral dusts and sea salt aerosols

Mineral dust, soil, and sea salt aerosols are among the most abundant primary inorganic aerosols in the atmosphere, and their hygroscopicity affects the hydrological cycle and global climate. We investigated the hygroscopic behaviors of six Na- and K-containing salts commonly found in those primary organic aerosols. Their hygroscopic growths as a function of relative humidity (RH) agree well with thermodynamic model prediction. Temperature dependence of deliquescence RH (DRH) values for five of those salts was also investigated, which are comparable to those in literature within 1%–2% RH, most showing negative dependence on temperature. Hygroscopic growth curves of real-world soil and sea salt samples were also measured. The hygroscopic growths of two more-hydroscopic saline soil samples and of sea salt can be predicted by the thermodynamic model based on the measured water-soluble ionic composition. The substantial amounts of water-soluble ions, including Na⁺ and K⁺, in saline soil samples imply that even nascent saline soil samples are quite hygroscopic at high-RH (>80%) conditions. For three less-hygroscopic dust samples, however, measurements showed higher water uptake ability than that predicted by the thermodynamic model. The small amount of water taken up by less-hygroscopic dust samples suggests that dust particles might contain thin layers of water even to very low RH. The results of this study provide a comprehensive characterization of the hygroscopicity of Na- and K-containing salts as related to their roles in the hygroscopic behaviors of saline mineral dusts and sea salt aerosols.     

中国的能源回弹效应及其对实现“十三五”节能目标的影响

通过构建中国能源经济递推动态CGE模型,分别模拟了改善我国整体经济能效、单独提升不同品种能源利用效率以及仅提升高耗能行业能效的回弹效应,同时模拟了2012~2020年我国能源回弹效应的变化趋势及对我国实现“十三五”节能目标的影响.结果显示：我国存在能源回弹效应,整体经济的能源回弹效应在36%左右;全社会整体能效的提升更有利于我国节能,能效改善有利于我国减少煤炭使用但可能导致部分行业电力消耗的反弹;2012~2020年我国的能源回弹效应呈缓慢上升趋势,如果不配套相关措施我国“十三五”能效改善目标的实现将面临挑战.     

Sources,Fate and Distribution of Organic Matter on the Western Adriatic Continental Shelf,Italy

In the framework of the EUROSTRATAFORM projects, a multidisciplinary research was focused on processes that involve transport and deposition of riverine material in the Adriatic Sea. The aim of our contribution was to increase a more complete understanding of organic matter deposition on the Adriatic shelf, also taking into account the role of Apennine rivers beyond the Po influence. In order to characterize origin, fate and variability of sedimentary organic carbon we utilized elemental and stable carbon isotope data in surficial sediments along shallow cross-shelf transects on the western Adriatic shelf.     

Do Embedded Roadway Lights Protect Sea Turtles?

Street lighting on coastal roadways is often visible at sea turtle nesting beaches, and disrupts the nocturnal orientation of hatchlings as they crawl toward the sea. Our objective was to determine whether an alternative lighting system (light-emitting diodes, embedded in the roadway pavement) prevented orientation disruption. Hatchlings at the beach oriented normally when only the embedded lights were on, or when all lighting was switched off. However, turtles showed poor orientation when street lighting was on. Measurements confirmed that street lighting was scattered to the beach, whereas embedded lighting was not. We conclude that embedded lighting keeps the beach dark and thus protects sea turtles. However, on two overcast evenings, lighting (“skyglow”) from nearby development, reflected by cloud cover to the beach, weakened hatchling orientation. Thus, both indirect (reflected) and direct sources of lighting negatively impact the turtles.     

海平面上升适应性战略多目标评价

通过对区域自然地理特征描述、人类开发利用活动的调查统计和社会经济发展资料的分析研究,根据评价目标的重要程度和所选战略对评价目标影响程度不同,构造战略目标矩阵,即对所选择的系列海平面上升适应性战略方案通过对各种目标的适应程度计算进行优化、排序,为决策者选择战略提供优先级,为海平面上升风险区提供相对理想的适应性战略方案。     

River Dolphins in Bangladesh: Conservation and the Effects of Water Development

Platanista gangetica ) are threatened in Bangladesh from the effects of dams, large embankment schemes, dredging, fisheries bycatch, directed hunting, and water pollution. Visual surveys of the section of the Jamuna River located between the divergence of the Old Brahmaputra River and the confluence of the Padma River and the section of the Kushiyara River located between the Bangladesh–India border and the confluence of the Korangi River recorded a sighting rate of 0.13 sightings/km (mean group size = 1.8 dolphins) and 0.08 sightings/km (mean group size = 3.8 dolphins), respectively. These sections of river were considered to be priority areas for investigation because several water development projects have already been constructed and more are planned for the areas. During the surveys we examined the remains of dolphins caught accidentally in plastic gillnets and observed fishermen catching the fish species Clupisoma garua using dolphin oil and body parts as a fish attractor. Additional studies are needed to assess the status of dolphins and effects of water development and fisheries bycatch. Feasibility studies should be conducted on designating dolphin/fish sanctuaries and creating artificial habitat or enhancing existing habitat in eddy countercurrent scour pools to mitigate deleterious impacts. The environmental requirements of river dolphins reflect the needs of productive and biotically diverse tropical rivers.     

渤海海上原油油指纹库建设

参照国际先进的油指纹分析、溢油鉴别技术以及油指纹库建设方法,建立一套先进的油指纹库建设技术体系,开展了渤海不同区块9个原油油指纹库建设工作。通过本课题的研究,使我国的油指纹库建设技术体系更趋完备,全面提高了溢油鉴别工作的科学性。