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101.
Wayfinding with a GPS-based mobile navigation system: A comparison with maps and direct experience 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Toru Ishikawa Hiromichi Fujiwara Osamu Imai Atsuyuki Okabe 《Journal of environmental psychology》2008
This study examined the effectiveness of a Global Positioning System (GPS)-based mobile navigation system in comparison to paper maps and direct experience of routes, by focusing on the user's wayfinding behavior and acquired spatial knowledge. Based on information received from one of these three media, participants walked six routes finding the way to goals. Results showed that GPS users traveled longer distances and made more stops during the walk than map users and direct-experience participants. Also, GPS users traveled more slowly, made larger direction errors, drew sketch maps with poorer topological accuracy, and rated wayfinding tasks as more difficult than direct-experience participants. Characteristics of navigation with these three learning media and possible reasons for the ineffectiveness of the GPS-based navigation system are discussed. 相似文献
102.
Reiner Schroll Sabine Grundmann Ulrike Dörfler Bernhard Ruth Jean Charles Munch 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(2):209-216
Several lysimeter scenarios and approaches exist to study the fate of agro-chemicals or contaminants from deposition in soil
columns. In many systems just transport and leaching of the parent compound is followed, in some systems the leaching and
transport of the metabolites is investigated as well. In more sophisticated lysimeter systems the volatilization and also
the mineralization of the applied chemicals can be additionally monitored. Depending on the lysimeter system used and on the
fact whether the applied chemicals are 14C-labeled or not, different results and various interpretations of the results might be achieved. Different lysimeter systems
are described in this paper and a real dataset of a specific lysimeter experiment was transferred and evaluated in a virtual
approach in the different lysimeter systems in order to show the advantages and disadvantages of the various systems. 相似文献
103.
Source water protection planning (SWPP) is an approach to prevent contamination of ground and surface water in watersheds where these resources may be abstracted for drinking or used for recreation. For SWPP the hazards within a watershed that could contribute to water contamination are identified together with the pathways that link them to the water resource. In rural areas, farms are significant potential sources of pathogens. A risk-based index can be used to support the assessment of the potential for contamination following guidelines on safety and operational efficacy of processes and practices developed as beneficial approaches to agricultural land management. Evaluation of the health risk for a target population requires knowledge of the strength of the hazard with respect to the pathogen load (massxconcentration). Manure handling and on-site wastewater treatment systems form the most important hazards, and both can comprise confined and unconfined source elements. There is also a need to understand the modification of pathogen numbers (attenuation) together with characteristics of the established pathways (surface or subsurface), which allow the movement of the contaminant species from a source to a receptor (water source). Many practices for manure management have not been fully evaluated for their impact on pathogen survival and transport in the environment. A key component is the identification of potential pathways of contaminant transport. This requires the development of a suitable digital elevation model of the watershed for surface movement and information on local groundwater aquifer systems for subsurface flows. Both require detailed soils and geological information. The pathways to surface and groundwater resources can then be identified. Details of land management, farm management practices (including animal and manure management) and agronomic practices have to be obtained, possibly from questionnaires completed by each producer within the watershed. To confirm that potential pathways are active requires some microbial source tracking. One possibility is to identify the molecular types of Escherichia coli present in each hazard on a farm. An essential part of any such index is the identification of mitigation strategies and practices that can reduce the magnitude of the hazard or block open pathways. 相似文献
104.
以剑麻纤维为原料,通过简易的一步炭化活化法制备了一系列多孔炭材料,分别探究了3种温和的金属盐活化剂、活化剂与剑麻纤维的质量比和活化温度对炭材料的氯苯吸附量的影响,并通过BET、SEM、XRD、Raman、FT-IR、元素分析等手段表征其物理化学性质.结果表明,当采用CuCl2为活化剂、CuCl2与剑麻纤维的质量比为10∶1及活化温度为800℃时,制备得到的剑麻纤维基多孔炭(PCC)吸附性能最佳,其在氯苯浓度为1560 mg·m-3时,吸附量达到856 mg·g-1,而未经CuCl2活化的炭材料(PC)的氯苯吸附量仅为15 mg·g-1.氯苯吸附性能的提升主要归因于比表面积、孔容、无序性和表面含氧官能团的增加.此外,采用巨正则系综蒙特卡洛(GCMC)方法模拟氯苯分子在制备的多孔炭材料中的吸附行为,结果表明,该材料中孔径为0.5 nm的孔对氯苯分子的吸附能力最强,且对氯苯吸附起主导作用的为苯环中心和Cl原子与炭材料上连接含氧官能团的H原子之间的静电作用力. 相似文献
105.
采用Ce-BTC(均苯三甲酸)为模板,通过尿素溶液浸渍合成了具有富氧空位/梯次结构的CeO2催化剂,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和紫外可见漫反射(DRS)等手段对其进行了表征.结果表明,与金属有机框架(MOFs)浸渍尿素高温煅烧可以获得金属氧化物/g-C3N4复合材料不同,Ce-BTC/尿素体系煅烧后产品中未检测到g-C3N4,这可能与CeO2的存在抑制了尿素分解产物的热缩聚过程,影响了g-C3N4的生成有关,但尿素的引入改变了Ce-BTC煅烧产物CeO2的氧空位浓度,且获得梯次结构.将具有富氧空位/梯次结构的CeO2-5用于光催化CO2还原,催化结果表明:反应4h的CO产率可达2.06μmol/g,CH4产率可达1.42μmol/g,性能是Ce-BTC未... 相似文献
106.
以市政供水管网钢管管垢为研究对象,将垢层由外向内分为表层、硬壳层和疏松多孔层.利用SEM、BET、XRD、XPS和分形态提取等技术对预吸附Cr(Ⅵ)前后的各层管垢进行表征和分析,并探究了pH值、SO42-浓度和温度对各层管垢中Cr释放的影响.结果显示,钢管各层管垢的主要成分均为α-FeOOH,吸附性能排序为表层>疏松多孔层>硬壳层,管垢中铁元素大多以三价和二价形式存在,具有一定还原性.Cr(Ⅵ)通过物理和化学吸附富集于管垢,主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,表层管垢富集量最大.酸性环境、SO42-浓度和温度的升高均会促进Cr的释放.强酸性条件下表层Cr释放浓度为中性条件下的2.76倍;SO42-浓度增加使各层管垢的Cr释放量增加0.1~0.4倍;温度升高20℃,表层管垢的Cr释放量增加26.74%. 相似文献
107.
108.
基于MapX的污染源普查GIS软件开发实例 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
污染源普查数据面广量大,且含有准确的地理信息,但国家统一开发的普查数据应用软件中没有集成GIS分析功能。东台市环保局在对污染源普查数据的应用中,以Delphi为编程工具,调用污染源普查数据库,基于MapX实现了一款简易的污染源普查GIS应用软件,介绍了MapX特点及其应用、数据接口方法及系统的实现等。 相似文献
109.
The main achievements of the debates on deliberative democracy and democratised science are investigated in order to analyse the reasons, meanings and prospects for a democratisation of global environmental policy. A deliberative systems approach, which emphasises the need to explore how processes in societal spheres interact to shape the deliberative qualities of the system as a whole, is adopted. Although science plays a key role in this, its potential to enhance deliberative capacity has hardly been addressed in deliberative theories. The democratisation of science has potential to contribute to the democratisation of global environmental policy, in that it also shapes the potential of deliberative arrangements in the policy sphere. Deliberative arrangements within the policy sphere may stimulate the democratisation of science to different degrees. 相似文献
110.
Understanding local community attitudes toward industrial development in the Great Barrier Reef region World Heritage Area: are environmental impacts perceived to overshadow economic benefits?
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Claudia F. Benham 《Natural resources forum》2017,41(1):42-54
Conflicts between industrial development and environmental conservation can be particularly acute when such development occurs in the vicinity of World Heritage sites. A key example is the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA) in northeastern Australia, where a 2012 review by the World Heritage Council found that rapid port development inshore of the coral reef posed significant risks to local marine ecosystems. Such instances pose pressing challenges for decision‐makers seeking to manage World Heritage sites for multiple values and needs, including those of key stakeholder groups, such as local communities. There is increasingly a societal expectation that public decision‐making takes into account local views and priorities, and that companies seek a ‘social license to operate’. This research explored local community attitudes toward port development associated with the export of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and coal through the GBRWHA. Using data drawn from a survey and interviews, the research examined how a range of geographical factors, including proximity to gas infrastructure and the perceived impacts and risks of development to the local community, economy and environment shape community perceptions of the industry. Findings suggest that local attitudes toward gas and coal terminal development inshore of the GBRWHA are shaped predominantly by community perceptions of environmental impacts and risks associated with such infrastructure, in contrast to a broader public narrative that focuses largely on economic benefits. A complex combination of other factors, including social impacts, personal environmental values, community trust in industry, and equity in decision‐making and distribution of the risks and benefits of industrial development also contribute. Placed in a broader, global context, the findings have important implications for public decision‐making processes in Australia and elsewhere as they suggest that, for local communities, the perceived impacts of gas development on the environment may overshadow the benefits of industry. 相似文献