酸化油水解废水脱酸处理工艺研究

酸化油是生产生物柴油的原料,其生产过程中产生的水解废水有机物含量高且具有强酸性,直接排放会严重污染环境。因此,对酸化油水解废水处理工艺进行研究有重要意义。通过对酸化油水解废水脱酸处理的条件及影响因素进行研究,并通过L9(34)正交实验确定了脱酸的最佳工艺条件。pH值为10,搅拌时间为15 min,温度为30℃是脱酸处理的最佳条件。     

Distribution-free two-sample comparisons in the case of heterogeneous variances

Behavioral ecologists are often faced with a situation where they need to compare the central tendencies of two samples. The standard tools of the t test and Mann–Whitney U test (equivalent to the Wilcoxon rank-sum test) are unreliable when the variances of the groups are different. The problem is particularly severe when sample sizes are different between groups. The unequal-variance t test (Welch test) may not be suitable for nonnormal data. Here, we propose the use of Brunner and Munzel’s generalized Wilcoxon test followed by randomization to allow for small sample sizes. This tests whether the probability of an individual from one population being bigger than an individual from the other deviates from random expectation. This probability may sometimes be a more clear and informative measure of difference between the groups than a difference in more commonly used measures of central tendency (such as the mean). We provide a recipe for carrying out a statistical test of the null hypothesis that this probability is 50% and demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique for sample sizes typical in behavioral ecology. Although the test is not available in any commercial software package, it is relatively straightforward to implement for anyone with some programming ability. Furthermore, implementations in R and SAS are freely available on the internet.     

Reproductive status influences group size and persistence of bonds in male plains zebra (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Equus burchelli</Emphasis>)

Animal groups arise from individuals’ choices about the number, characteristics, and identity of associates. Individuals make these choices to gain benefits from their associations. As the needs of an individual change with its phenotype, so too we expect the nature of its associations to vary. In this paper, we investigate how the social priorities of male plains zebra (Equus burchelli) depend on reproductive state. An adult male is either a bachelor, and lacking mating access, or a stallion defending a harem. Multiple harems and bachelor males aggregate in larger herds. Herds frequently split and merge, affording males opportunities to change associates. Over a 4-year period, we sampled the herd associations in a population of 500–700 zebras. To isolate the effects of reproductive state on male social behavior, we account for potential confounding factors: changes in population size, grouping tendencies, and sampling intensity. We develop a generally applicable permutation procedure, which allows us to test the null hypothesis that social behavior is independent of male status. Averaging over all individuals in the population, we find that a typical bachelor is found in herds containing significantly more adults, bachelors, and stallions than the herds of a typical stallion. Further, bachelors’ bonds with each other are more persistent over time than those among stallions. These results suggest that bachelors form cohesive cliques, in which we may expect cooperative behaviors to develop. Stallion–stallion associations are more diffuse, and less conducive to long-term cooperation. This contribution is part of the special issue “Social Networks: new perspectives” (Guest Editors: J. Krause, D. Lusseau and R. James).     

废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属的释放特性

选用欧盟固体中无机组分有效量测试方法(EA NEN7371)和块状材料中无机组分的扩散实验方法(EA NEN7375),研究了模拟混凝土样品中重金属(Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb)的释放特性.结果表明,混凝土中重金属的有效释放量低于总量;不同重金属的有效释放量与总量比值差异较大.扩散控制是混凝土中Cr、Ni和Cd释放的主要机理,释放曲线与斜率为0.5的直线拟合较佳,且不同区间浸出量曲线的斜率均在0.35~0.65范围内;As在释放前期有延滞现象,但中后期仍以扩散控制为主;Pb的释放为溶解控制,受浸取液的pH值影响较大.重金属扩散系数负对数值按Pb相似文献   

基于常规环境试验装备的HALT技术应用研究

目的 探索军用装备极限边界条件考核试验方法.方法 引入HALT技术,在前期装备试验各类故障案例统计的基础上,选择装备上应用普遍和故障发生较频繁的继电器为研究对象,探索应用常规环境试验设备,设计HALT试验,研究继电器极限边界条件下可靠性考核的技术和方法.结果 在进行低温–30℃和高温70℃步进应力以及在–70～120℃...     

冷轧乳化液废水处理试验研究

对武钢冷轧乳化液废水采用超滤和氧化破乳法进行对比试验,从试验运行效果、投资费用、运行成本等方面进行了比较分析,得出处理冷轧乳化液废水的最佳方法－超滤法。对冶金行业乳化液废水的处理具有一定的参考价值。     

"虚拟产品开发"及其在环境试验中的应用

阐述了“虚拟产品开发”(VPD)的概念、形成过程、原理及现存的应用平台。结合环境试验工作,讨论了应用此技术的必要性和前景,给出了具体实施方案和几个应用的例子。     

论舰船设备的湿热试验

湿热环境是海军舰船设备所需承受的重要环境条件之一。论述了湿热试验目的、物理现象。针对海军舰船设备以往采用的几种湿热试验方法存在的严酷度差异,着重对GB2423-81《电工电子产品基本环境试验规程试验Db：交变湿热试验》、GIB150．9-86《军用设备环境试验方法湿热试验》、IB839-75《电工产品湿热试验》和《实船环境试验条件》的试验严酷度进行了验证比对并得出结论。     

活性炭-纳滤膜工艺去除饮用水中总有机碳和Ames致突变物

分别以地表水和地下水为水源的水厂出水为研究对象 ,探讨活性炭 纳滤膜工艺对饮用水中总有机碳和Ames致突变物的去除效果及机理 .结果表明 ,活性炭的吸附作用受其本身性质和有机物特性影响较大 ,去除能力有限 ,但它可作为纳滤的预处理 ,确保膜进水符合要求 ;纳滤则可将水中总有机碳和Ames致突变物大部分去除 ,使TA₉₈及TA₁₀₀菌株在各试验剂量下的MR值均小于 2 ,Ames试验结果均完全呈阴性 ,确保了饮用水的安全性 .两者的组合是获得优质饮用水的有效处理工艺 .