污染谷物中重金属的分布及加工过程的影响

对污染水稻、小麦和玉米籽实中 Cd、Pb、Cu的分布及加工过程的去除进行了研究 .结果表明 ,Cd、Pb、Cu在水稻、小麦和玉米籽实各形态结构中的浓度分布不均 ,胚中浓度显著高于胚乳 ,且皮层和颖壳中浓度也较高 .但从单位重量籽实中的 Cd、Pb、Cu总量分布看 ,胚乳中占据绝对优势 .稻、麦籽实中 3种元素的浓度随样品加工浓度的升级去除率增加 ,水稻中 Cd、Pb、Cu的去除率可达 24.10 %、56.93%和 41.00% ,小麦分别为 61.66%、81.27%、78.37% .     

Dissipation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Biosolids Applied to Nonirrigated Farmland in Eastern Colorado

In 2007, a 1.5‐year field‐scale study was initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate the dissipation of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) following a first agronomic biosolids application to nonirrigated farmland. CECs with the greatest decrease in concentration in the surface biosolids at 180 days post‐application included indole, d‐limonene, p‐cresol, phenol, and skatol. CECs that were present in the largest concentration in 180‐day‐weathered biosolids included stanols, nonylphenols, bisphenol A, bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, hexahydrohexamethyl cyclopenta‐benzopyran (HHCB), and triclosan. CECs that were detected in pre‐application soil were 3‐beta coprostanol, skatol, acetophenone, beta‐sitosterol, beta‐stigmastanol, cholesterol, indole, p‐cresol, and phenol, most of which are biogenic sterols or fragrances that have natural plant sources in addition to anthropogenic sources, yet their concentrations increased (in some cases, substantially) following biosolids application. Preliminary data indicate the nonylphenols (including NPEO1, NPEO2), OPEO1, benzo[a]pyrene, diethyl phthalate, d‐limonene, HHCB, triclosan, and possibly 3‐beta coprostanol, skatol, beta‐sitosterol, cholesterol, indole, and p‐cresol, migrated downward through the soil by 468 days post‐application, but indicated little uptake by mature wheat plants. This study indicates that some CECs are sufficiently persistent and mobile to be vertically transported into the soil column following biosolids applications to the land surface, even in semiarid regions.     

Assessment of biomass residue availability and bioenergy yields in Ghana

Biomass is an important renewable energy source that holds large potential as feedstock for the production of different energy carriers in a context of sustainable development, peak oil and climate change. In developing countries, biomass already supplies the bulk of energy services and future use is expected to increase with more efficient applications, such as the production of biogas and liquid biofuels for cooking, transportation and the generation of power. The aim of this study is to establish the amount of Ghana's energy demand that can be satisfied by using the country's crop residues, animal manure, logging residues and municipal waste. The study finds that the technical potential of bioenergy from these sources is 96 PJ in 2700 Mm³ of biogas or 52 PJ in 2300 ML of cellulosic ethanol. The biogas potential is sufficient to replace more than a quarter of Ghana's present woodfuel use. If instead converted to cellulosic ethanol, the estimated potential is seven times the estimated 336 ML of biofuels needed to achieve the projected 10% biofuels blends at the national level in 2020. Utilizing the calculated potentials involves a large challenge in terms of infrastructure requirements, quantified to hundreds of thousands of small-scale plants.     

能源植物黄连木油脂及其脂肪酸含量的地理变化规律

为更好地开发利用生物柴油木本能源植物黄连木（Pistacia chinensis Bunge）,研究了其油脂及其脂肪酸质量分数的地理变化规律。结果表明,黄连木果实与种子油脂质量分数随着地理经度和纬度的增加而降低,果肉油脂质量分数随着地理经度的增加而升高,而其纬向变化不显著。黄连木油脂中的脂肪酸有棕榈酸（C16：0）、油酸（C18：1）、亚油酸（C18：2）、棕榈油酸（C16：1）、硬脂酸（C18：0）、亚麻酸（C18：3）、花生酸（C20：4）等7种,其碳链长度集中在C16～C18之间,非常适合用来生产生物柴油。棕榈酸质量分数随着地理经度和纬度的增加而升高;油酸质量分数随着地理纬度的增加而降低,而其经向变化不显著;亚油酸质量分数随着地理经度的增加而降低,随着地理纬度的增加而升高;棕榈油酸质量分数随着地理纬度的增加而升高,而其经向变化不显著;硬脂酸和亚麻酸质量分数随着地理经度和纬度的增加而降低;花生酸质量分数随着地理经度的增加而降低,而其纬向变化不显著。     

Scenarios of global bioenergy production: The trade-offs between agricultural expansion, intensification and trade

Increased future demands for food, fibre and fuels from biomass can only be met if the available land and water resources on a global scale are used and managed as efficiently as possible. The main routes for making the global agricultural system more productive are through intensification and technological change on currently used agricultural land, land expansion into currently non-agricultural areas, and international trade in agricultural commodities and processed goods. In order to analyse the trade-offs and synergies between these options, we present a global bio-economic modelling approach with a special focus on spatially explicit land and water constraints as well as technological change in agricultural production. For a global bioenergy demand scenario reaching 100 ExaJoule (EJ) until 2055 we derive a required rate of productivity increase on agricultural land between 1.2 and 1.4 percent per year under different land allocation options. A very high pressure for yield increase occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, even without additional bioenergy demand. Moreover, we analyse the implicit values (shadow prices) of limited water resources. The shadow prices for bioenergy are provided as a metric for assessing the trade-offs between different land allocation options and as a link between the agricultural and energy sector.     

喀斯特高原石漠化治理示范区土壤和农作物重金属含量特征

通过采集贵州毕节撒拉溪石漠化治理示范区土壤和主要农作物样品,分析了土壤和农作物样品中重金属Cr,Co,Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn,As和Ni含量,采用富集因子评价了土壤中重金属的污染状况,并分别采用潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生物富集系数评价了示范区土壤重金属的潜在生态风险和农作物对重金属的富集特征.结果表明,示范区土壤中C...     

江西典型钨矿开采对周边环境稀土元素含量的影响

研究了江西省典型钨矿区开采和冶炼对周边农田土壤、水体和白菜中稀土元素含量的影响.结果表明:钨矿区周边农田土壤中稀土元素含量范围在256~459 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为373 mg·kg~(-1),土壤中稀土含量均高于江西省和全国土壤稀土元素含量的背景值,分别是它们的1.77倍和1.99倍.矿区河水中稀土元素浓度达3086μg·L~(-1),为对照区河水稀土元素浓度的497倍.矿区15个样地白菜稀土元素含量范围为773~5992μg·kg~(-1),平均值为3007μg·kg~(-1),为非矿区白菜稀土元素含量的5.22倍,矿区白菜稀土元素含量远超过我国蔬菜卫生标准稀土元素含量的限值(0.70 mg·kg~(-1)),说明钨矿开采冶炼已造成周边环境的污染,并对矿区居民身体健康构成潜在威胁.     

Effect of wetland plant fermentation broth on nitrogen removal and bioenergy generation in constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells

● Fermentation broth facilitates N removal and energy yields in tertiary CW-MFC. ● Carbon sources are preferred for nitrogen removal over electricity generation. ● A mutual promotion relationship exists between acetic and humic acid in N removal. ● Humic acid boosts the abundances of functional genes relate to nitrogen metabolism. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are widely used as a tertiary treatment technology, and the addition of carbon sources can significantly improve advanced nitrogen removal. However, excessive carbon sources would lead to an increase in the effluent chemical oxygen demand in CWs, and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can convert these into electricity. In this study, constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) were built to achieve simultaneous nitrogen removal and electricity generation, using wetland plant litter fermentation broths as carbon sources. The total nitrogen removal in the groups with fermentation broth addition (FGs) reached 83.33%, which was 19.64% higher than that in the CG (group without fermentation broth), and the mean voltages in the FGs were at least 2.6 times higher than that of the CG. Furthermore, two main components of the fermentation broths, acetic acid (Ac) and humic acid (HA), were identified using a three-dimensional excitation emission matrix and gas chromatograph and added to CW-MFCs to explore the influence mechanism on the treatment performance. Denitrification and electrogenesis presented the same tendency: Ac&HA > Ac > CG’ (groups without Ac and HA). These results indicate that Ac and HA increased the abundance of functional genes associated with nitrogen metabolism and electron transfer. This study demonstrated that CW-MFC fermentation broth addition can be a potential strategy for the disposal of secondary effluent and bioelectricity generation.     

湛江地区农业土壤与作物砷含量及食用安全研究

为了解湛江地区农业土壤及主要作物(可食用部分)中砷的含量和分布特征,共采集了106个土壤表层样品和43个农作物样品(包括蔬菜、水果、甘蔗和稻谷),并评价了农作物食用的安全风险.结果表明,湛江地区农业土壤中砷平均质量比为4.04 mg/kg,符合国家土壤1级标准(GB 15618-1995)的样品占98.1%,与国内外不同地区土壤砷平均含量相比,湛江地区土壤中砷平均含量相对较低.湛江地区各区域土壤受砷污染程度大小依此为:雷州、廉江、霞山、赤坎、徐闻、麻章、坡头、遂溪、吴川;4种主要土壤利用类犁受砷污染程度大小依此为:水田、果园土、甘蔗地、菜地.湛江地区种植的主要农作物蔬菜、水果(含甘蔗)和稻谷可食部分砷平均质量比总体较低.分别为0.470×10~(-1)mg/kg、0.440×10~(-1) mg/kg和0.179 mg/kg,均符合我国有关蔬菜、水果及粮食的卫生标准(GB 18406-2001),与我国土壤砷清洁地区的统计数据相当.湛江地区蔬菜、稻谷和水果3大类作物可食部分通过"土壤-植物-人体"途径年平均摄入量为39.45mg/(人·a),约占允许摄取限值(547.50 mg/(人·a))的7.2%,可见.食用湛江地区出产的蔬菜、水果和稻谷等农产品砷的安全风险不大.     

骨炭粉对Cd污染农田的修复效果与稳定性评价

为了探明骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及稳定性,以潮土与红壤Cd污染农田土壤为对象,基于土壤Cd有效态、作物降Cd率（DR,%）及降Cd失活率（IR,%）等指标,研究田间条件下施用3种浓度（0.25%、0.50%及1.0%）骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及120,360d后修复效果的稳定性.结果表明：骨炭粉处理均能有效促进潮土与红壤中作物生长,增加作物产量.施用骨炭粉能不同程度提高土壤中pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）、全磷及有效磷含量;其中,0.5%和1.0%骨炭粉处理均显著（P<0.05）提高土壤pH值、土壤全磷及有效磷含量.与对照相比,不同骨炭粉处理120d后潮土和红壤中有效态Cd含量分别降低32.1%~48.4%、32.8%~56.2%,360d后土壤中有效态Cd仍然显著低于对照,降幅为26.9%~37.8%、25.8%~39.5%.对修复后三季作物Cd吸收测定结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度（0.25%~1.0%）骨炭粉处理的第一季作物降Cd率（DR_-Cd）分别达36.0%~60.4%、33.9%~58.2%,作物降Cd率随骨炭粉施用量增加而增加.基于降Cd失活率（IR_-Cd）对骨炭粉修复效果的稳定性测定结果表明,潮土与红壤施用骨炭粉360d后,第三季作物降Cd失活率IR_-Cd为21.2%~34.7%和6.2%~21.6%,表明在酸性红壤中修复效果的稳定性大于潮土.综上骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及其稳定性结果表明,骨炭粉在Cd污染农田土壤修复中具有较大应用价值.