2001年农作物病虫害发生流行的气候影响评价

综合分析了 2001年气候条件对全国农作物病虫害发生流行的影响.春夏季全国大范围的持续严重高温干旱,造成全国农作物病虫害偏重发生,其特点是虫害重于病害,全国大部分地区以虫害为主,病害较轻.春夏季的高温干旱引发蝗虫全国大发生,但制约了小麦病虫害的严重发生,为中等发生年.全国主要稻区病虫害发生期间干旱、少雨、大雨频次低,限制了水稻病虫害的严重发生,为中等发生年.水稻稻飞虱中等偏轻发生,但造成长江流域水稻螟虫的中等偏重发生.东北、华北地区中后期温度降水配合相对适宜,造成玉米螟中等偏重发生.     

浅析黄河流域及黄淮海平原降水时空分布特征及其与水资源合理利用之互补

黄河是西北-华北地区工农业生产和生活的重要水资源。如何结合流域内降水时空分布特征及农业需水规律,适应自然条件和经济发展,对黄河水从时间、空间、数量上进行调节性利用,达到河水与降水互补,对于充分利用黄河水资源具有重要意义。本文就此问题进行研究,用经验正交函数分解的方法对黄河流域不同年型和主要作物发育期的降水时空分布进行分析,并根据分析结果提出了合理利用黄河水资源的建议。     

湛江市农业土壤与作物铬含量及其健康风险

在湛江市采集了106个农业土壤表层样品和43个农作物样品,分析了土壤和农作物中铬的含量,研究铬的分布特征和富集能力,评价其健康风险。结果表明:土壤中铬平均含量为87.13mg/kg,超过国家土壤二级标准的样品占20.75%,徐闻、雷州等地超标较严重。湛江市种植面积及产量最大的4大类农作物蔬菜、水果、甘蔗和水稻铬平均含量介于0.014～0.160mg/kg之间,均符合我国《食品中铬限量卫生标准》(GB 14961-1994)。蔬菜类的芥菜铬的富集能力相对较强,青瓜、菜心、生菜等蔬菜品种和菠萝、香蕉、橙子、甘蔗等水果类铬的富集能力则较低;水稻铬的富集能力容易受土壤复合污染影响,富集系数介于0.0001～0.0048。依据中国营养学会推荐的RfD值和广东省居民平均食物消费结构进行计算,湛江市蔬菜、水稻和水果(含甘蔗)三大类作物通过土壤-植物-人体途径日平均摄入量为78.9μg/d,若考虑其它的摄入途径,农产品中的铬对人体潜在一定的健康风险。     

转基因作物对鱼类的生态毒理效应研究综述

转基因作物潜在的健康和环境风险一直以来颇受争议,转基因作物加工成动物饲料后可能会诱导动物产生免疫应激反应,影响动物的生长发育、繁殖等。鱼类是水生脊椎动物的代表,已广泛应用于水环境的监测,但目前转基因作物对鱼类的饲用安全性研究还相对较少。文章基于转基因作物作为鱼饲料原料对鱼类生态毒理学效应的研究现状,综述了转基因作物对鱼的生长表现、生理生化、脏器功能及发育、组织病理以及行为活动等方面的生态毒理学效应,分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并对今后的研究趋势进行了探讨。     

沼液还田对土壤-作物系统重金属累积的影响:Meta分析

为探讨沼液还田方式、还田时长和重金属带入量等对土壤-作物重金属累积的影响,明确重金属累积影响因素的重要性,对41篇文献和1972对数据进行整合分析.结果表明,单施沼液使土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和作物As、Cr的累积显著提高20.5%、15.2%、25.6%、18.7%、26.3%和14.6%、39.5%,对作物其它重金属累积作用不明显.沼液与化肥混施可显著提高8.05%和4.70%的土壤Cr和Zn的累积且降低作物对As的累积.相关分析表明,土壤As、Cd和Cr的累积速率与沼液还田时长和土壤有机质（SOM）含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为0.30、0.15、0.13和0.22、0.27、0.22,而与土壤pH值呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为0.16、0.13和0.11.沼液还田带入的重金属会促进土壤As、Cd、Cr和作物As、Cd、Cr、Zn的累积,而土壤Cd、Cu和Zn的累积又会促进作物Cd、Cu和Zn的累积,其间相关系数分别为0.45、0.58和0.42.因子重要性分析表明,沼液还田对土壤-作物系统中重金属累积的主要因素是还田时长、SOM和土壤pH值.     

典型污灌区土壤与作物中重金属健康风险评估

该文选取了国内外9个典型污灌区作为研究对象,分析了重金属在土壤及作物中的污染情况,评价了重金属对人体健康造成的风险.结果表明,总体而言同一灌区重金属在小麦中富集浓度高于玉米.其中超标最严重的是德国柏林（BL）地区的Cd,在玉米和小麦中浓度分别为1.62、7.50mg/kg,分别是WHO/FAO标准的8.1和37.5倍,这和BL灌区土壤中Cd浓度高有关.口食小麦对人体健康造成的风险分别在10^-6~10^-4a^-1之间.致癌性重金属Cd通过口食小麦途径对成人和儿童健康造成的风险分别占总风险的61.75~99.93%、60.78~99.84%.重金属在各种暴露途径下对儿童产生的风险大于成人.BL、津巴布韦的Harare（HR）、墨西哥的Mezquital（MQ）和沈阳珲浦（JP）灌区重金属对成人和儿童健康造成的总风险分别为5.12×10^-5~7.53×10^-4、5.71×10^-5~8.37×10^-4,超出USEPA和ICRP相关规定,其中污染最严重的地区是BL.     

稻麦作物净初级生产力模型研究:模型的建立

以植物生理学、农业气象学和土壤环境学的基本原理为基础 ,建立了稻麦作物净初级生产力模型 .该模型包括 2个主要功能模块 :光合作用和呼吸作用 ;土壤 作物系统氮素运移 .前者综合考虑了环境因子和作物氮含量的影响 ,后者包括了作物氮素吸收、土壤氮矿化和化肥氮释放的动态模拟 .     

Winter losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from Italian ryegrass, meadow fescue and white clover in a northern temperate climate

We have studied to what degree Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.) are able to preserve nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in shoots and roots from one growing season to the next in a northern temperate climate. Field experiments were performed during four consecutive winters in central southeast Norway (60°42′N, 10°51′E), and N and P in plant biomass were measured in the autumn and in the spring. We also measured the contents of total N, total P and organic carbon (C) in seepage water that percolated through the aboveground plant material. Uptake of N and P in Italian ryegrass and white clover was substantially larger than in meadow fescue. The winter losses varied greatly from year to year, depending on the winter climate. On the average for all three of the plant species, the winter losses of N from aboveground biomass were 6, 35, 68 and 10% in the four experimental years, respectively. The corresponding P losses were 11, 36, 60 and 22%. On the average for all plant species and experimental years, 43 (±12)% (S.E., n = 12) of the N, 34 (±9)% of the P and 4 (±1)% of the C that was lost from the aboveground plant biomass during the winter, was recovered in seepage water, basically as a nutrient pulse in melt water in early spring. The very low C recovery rate in seepage water suggested a considerable microbial growth on lost plant C. Assuming that all un-recovered plant C was consumed by microorganisms not included in measurements of the seepage water, modelling showed that microbial immobilisation theoretically might explain the unexpectedly low recovery rates of N and P. The study was not designed to investigate the possible effects of psychrophilic microbes on N and P cycling. Therefore, it is inconclusive and underlines the need for more knowledge on this matter.     

Variation in arthropod abundance in barley under varying sowing regimes

Managing arthropod populations on farmland for conservation purposes, such as food resources for declining farmland birds, requires information on the way distributions vary between crop types, for example under varying sowing regimes. In this study arthropods were sampled during one summer from fields of winter-sown and spring-sown barley. The relative timing of crop development had a strong influence on arthropod abundance between crop types, with winter barley supporting significantly higher abundance of total counts and many individual orders in early summer, but the reverse being the case in late summer. Fields of both crop types that received higher herbicide inputs showed reduced arthropod counts.     

The impact of climate change mitigation on water demand for energy and food: An integrated analysis based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

Climate change mitigation, in the context of growing population and ever increasing economic activity, will require a transformation of energy and agricultural systems, posing significant challenges to global water resources. We use an integrated modelling framework of the water-energy-land-climate systems to assess how changes in electricity and land use, induced by climate change mitigation, impact on water demand under alternative socioeconomic (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) and water policy assumptions (irrigation of bioenergy crops, cooling technologies for electricity generation). The impacts of climate change mitigation on cumulated global water demand across the century are highly uncertain, and depending on socioeconomic and water policy conditions, they range from a reduction of 15,000 km³ to an increase of more than 160,000 km³. The impact of irrigation of bioenergy crops is the most prominent factor, leading to significantly higher water requirements under climate change mitigation if bioenergy crops are irrigated. Differences in socioeconomic drivers and fossil fuel availability result in significant differences in electricity and bioenergy demands, in the associated electricity and primary energy mixes, and consequently in water demand. Economic affluence and abundance of fossil fuels aggravate pressures on water resources due to higher energy demand and greater deployment of water intensive technologies such as bioenergy and nuclear power. The evolution of future cooling systems is also identified as an important determinant of electricity water demand. Climate policy can result in a reduction of water demand if combined with policies on irrigation of bioenergy, and the deployment of non-water-intensive electricity sources and cooling types.