黑龙江省过去20年粮食作物种植格局变化及其气候背景

根据黑龙江省1980～1999年的气候资料和1980～2000年水稻、小麦、玉米等主要粮食作物播种面积等统计资料,利用快速聚类分析方法分析了气候变化背景下黑龙江省主要粮食作物的种植格局和种植界限变化情况。结果表明:在过去20年里,全省主要粮食作物的播种面积变化显著。特别是进入20世纪90年代,水稻播种范围向北向东扩张趋势明显,种植面积比重显著增加;小麦种植面积比重快速降低,种植范围大幅向北退缩;玉米则在保持一个相对稳定的比例关系的基础上,逐渐向北部和东部伸展。粮食种植结构的这种调整使水稻逐渐取代小麦成为黑龙江省主要粮食作物之一,并最终导致该区主要粮食作物种植格局从以小麦和玉米为主转变为以玉米和水稻为主。上述粮食作物种植格局的变化与气候变暖带来的积温增加及积温带北移东扩密切相关。     

稻麦作物净初级生产力模型研究:模型检验与情景预测

利用我国若干代表性区域98组稻麦作物生产力的试验数据,对所建立的稻麦作物净初级生产力模型进行了检验.结果表明,该模型能根据常规的气象和土壤资料、化肥施用量等数据资料较好地模拟我国主要区域稻麦作物的净初级生产力.模拟值(y)与观测值(x)的线性关系为:y=1.05p-16.8(r²=0.771,p<0.001,n=98).对南京地区的情景预测结果表明:大气CO₂浓度升高促进稻麦作物的固碳能力;气温升高会降低水稻和小麦的碳固定,但对小麦的影响要小于水稻;在当前情景及未来情景(CO₂浓度为540μmol·mol^-1,温度增加1～4℃)下,氮肥施用对小麦碳固定的促进作用大于水稻,氮肥施用量高于150 kg·hm^-2时对2种作物的碳固定没有显著的促进作用,甚至降低水稻的净初级生产力.     

Genetically engineered herbicide resistance,part two

Should we continue to support publicly funded research on genetically engineered herbicide resistant crops? In Part One, I discussed the difference between science and ethics, presented a brief history of weed control, and explained three moral principles undergirding my environmentalist perspective. I then argued that unqualified endorsement (E) of the research is unjustified, as is unqualified opposition (O). In Part Two, I argue against qualified endorsement (QE), and for qualified opposition (QO).     

荒漠能源植物气化发电的环境影响评价

对荒漠生物质气化发电进行LCA评价,建立评价模型,在评价过程中选用了燃煤发电系统为参照。研究结果表明,生物质利用过程没有CO2的排放,整个发电周期中仅原料的生产、运输以及预处理过程消耗能量导致CO2排放,因此生物质气化发电方案的排放量远远小于燃煤方案,减排量达到了87％-94％。生物质发电与燃煤发电相比,对环境污染降低程度的总指数为3．68。生物质能源的开发大大削减了化石能源利用带来的环境污染问题,同时也能够缓解能源危机。     

图像识别技术在作物农情信息反演中的应用

对常见的图像识别研究方法进行了总结,主要包括以下5个方面:侧重于农作物病虫害监测的颜色特征识别方法;应用于作物大小形状分级、叶面积、叶倾角等领域测算方面的形态特征识别方法,包括统计分析法、结构分析法和频谱分析法的纹理特征识别方法;利用高光谱分辨的遥感技术、光谱仪和近红外光谱进行植被、杂草和作物内部品质监测的光谱识别方法;最后,是集各种识别方法特长的综合识别方法。对这5种方法的适用范围和优缺点进行了分析比较及综合,构建出基于图像识别技术的农情信息提取技术体系系统框架,并提出了新的技术应用思考,从中发现目前图像识别技术中存在的问题,为今后的研究指明方向。     

江西典型稀土矿区土壤和农作物中稀土元素含量及其健康风险评价

研究了江西省典型稀土矿区龙南县重稀土矿区土壤、水体和主要农作物中稀土元素的含量,并评价了稀土元素对人体产生的健康风险.结果表明,矿区土壤中稀土元素含量在538.73~1625.76 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为976.94 mg·kg-1,分别是江西省和全国土壤稀土元素含量背景值的4.53倍和5.09倍.矿区河水稀土元素浓度达55.72 mg·L-1,为对照区河水稀土元素浓度的8974.7倍.井水中稀土元素浓度为0.033mg·L-1,是对照区井水稀土元素浓度的10.55倍.10种农作物稀土元素含量范围为1.04~78.57 mg·kg-1,均超过我国蔬菜卫生标准稀土元素含量的限值(0.70 mg·kg-1).不同农作物品种稀土元素含量的大小顺序为:小白菜萝卜红薯包菜紫芋地瓜芋头辣椒西红柿稻米.参照美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险方法,评估了稀土元素经口摄入对人体产生的健康风险,发现矿区居民通过农作物和井水摄入的稀土元素日均摄入量的总和为295.33μg·kg-1·d-1,远高于稀土元素对人体亚临床损害剂量的临界值,说明稀土元素对矿区居民身体健康产生了严重的威胁.小白菜和萝卜对矿区居民食物日均稀土元素摄入量的贡献率高达76.92%,建议当地居民改变传统的种植模式和饮食结构,少种植和食用小白菜和萝卜,选择对稀土元素具有低积累的农作物品种,以降低稀土元素对人体健康的危害.     

典型黑色岩系地质高背景区土壤和农产品重金属富集特征与污染风险

土壤重金属污染是我国的重要环境问题,而区域地质高背景是土壤重金属富集的重要影响因素.黑色岩系风化土壤普遍存在重金属富集的现象,潜在生态环境风险较高,但目前农产品重金属富集的基础数据较缺乏,限制了黑色岩系地质高背景区的土地安全利用与农产品安全生产.对重庆典型黑色岩系地质高背景区313件土壤和289件主要农产品重金属的富集特征、污染风险和土壤重金属赋存形态进行研究.结果表明,相对于我国土壤环境背景值和重庆市表层土壤,研究区土壤Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Zn和Se富集,Pb不富集;其中98.7%的土壤Cd含量超过风险筛选值,47.3%的土壤Cd含量超过风险管制值,Cd的污染水平和潜在生态风险最高,是研究区土壤的特征污染物.土壤Cd主要以离子交换态存在(40.6%),其次为残渣态(19.1%)和弱有机结合态(16.6%); Cr、 Cu、 Pb、 Se和Zn主要以残渣态存在,Se和Cu的有机结合态、 Pb的铁锰结合态也占较高比例;说明Cd的迁移能力和活性高于其它重金属.研究区主要农产品富集重金属的能力较弱,约18.7%的农产品Cd超标,超标倍数相对较低,重金属污染风险较低.研究可为黑色岩系地质高...     

中国秸秆资源的时空分布、利用现状与碳减排潜力

为了解中国农作物秸秆资源量近40年的变化趋势及当前的空间分布特征和主要利用方式,估算秸秆利用碳减排潜力,采用草谷比法对1981～2020年间全国农作物秸秆资源量进行了科学估算,分析了秸秆资源密度和人均资源量的时空分布特征,并估算了秸秆制备生物炭基肥的碳减排潜力.结果表明：(1) 1981～2020年我国农作物秸秆总量增长了4.39×10⁸ t,且总体呈不断增长的趋势.(2) 2020年全国作物秸秆理论资源总量约7.72×10⁸ t;水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆仍旧是主要的农作物秸秆种类,约占秸秆资源总量的84%.东北和华北地区秸秆资源量最丰富,东北地区人均资源占有量最高,约1.46 t;华北地区秸秆资源密度最高,达5.42 t·hm^-2.(3)我国农作物秸秆综合利用率逐年提高,目前主要以肥料化和饲料化利用方式为主,约占所有秸秆利用方式的77.5%.(4) 2020年我国可收集农作物秸秆资源可制备成生物炭2.04×10⁸ t,制备生物炭过程中可更新能源代替化石燃料可减少二氧化碳当量(CO_2e     

Biomass for Fuel Cells: A Technical and Economic Assessment

Fuel cells can be highly efficient energy conversion devices. However, the environmental benefit of utilising fuel cells for energy conversion is completely dependent on the source of the fuel. Hydrogen is the ideal fuel for fuel cells but the current most economical methods of producing hydrogen also result in the production of significant amounts of carbon dioxide. Utilising biomass to produce the fuel for fuel cell systems offers an option that is technically feasible, potentially economically attractive and greenhouse gas neutral. High-temperature fuel cells that are able to operate with carbon monoxide in the feed are well suited to these applications. Furthermore, because they do not require noble metal catalysts, the cost of high-temperature fuel cells has the greatest potential to become competitive in the near future compared to other types of fuel cells. It is, however, extremely difficult to assess the economic feasibility of biomass-fuelled fuel cell systems because of a lack of published cost information and uncertainty in the predicted cost per kW of the various types of fuel cells for large volume production methods. From the scant information available it appears that the current cost for fuel-cell systems operating on anaerobic digester gas is about US$2,500 per kW compared to a target price of US$1,200 required to compete with conventional technologies.     

Irrigation quotas for high water use efficiency and economic water productivity of typical crops in Shiyang River Basin北大核心CSCD

Water consumption in agricultural activities is the main water use in inland oases in Northwest China. Research on water conservation in agriculture is of great significance to alleviate the conflict between the use of agricultural and ecological water and is of great importance to local farmers’ livelihoods. This study, based on traditional irrigation practices (flood irrigation and fixed irrigation frequency) of Minqin County in Shiyang River Basion, was designed to reveal the impacts of five irrigation quotas (1 800, 1 440, 1 080, 720, and 360 m3/hm2) on crop yield, biomass, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and economic water productivity (EWP) to determine the optimal irrigation for five crops and guide local irrigation practices. The results showed that: (1) Under the five irrigation quotas, IWUE of corn, with the highest of 12.27 kg/m3, was higher than the other four crops; (2) The average EWP of cotton with a 2-year-average of 8.0 yuan/m3 was higher than the other four crops. Thus, the economic output of cotton is the best under the same irrigation quota; (3) Considering the yield, IWUE, EWP, and biomass, corn was better than the other four typical crops; and (4) 1 080 m3/hm2 was the optimal irrigation quota for sunflower in local planting practices. In addition, 720 m3/hm2 was suitable for corn, pepper, wheat, and cotton as their irrigation quota. This study shows that reducing the amount of irrigation quota in the Shiyang River Basin can effectively improve local IWUE and EWP. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.