光照对SO2在矿质氧化物表面非均相反应的影响

使用原位漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱(DRIFTS)研究了SO_2在α-Al_2O_3、TiO_2、CaO和α-Fe_2O_3颗粒物表面的非均相反应,考察了紫外光光照(波长约365 nm)对SO_2在不同氧化物表面反应的影响.结果表明,无紫外光照射条件下,SO_2在TiO_2、α-Al_2O_3、CaO颗粒物表面反应的主要产物为亚硫酸盐;有紫外光照射条件下,SO_2在TiO_2、α-Al_2O_3、CaO颗粒物表面反应的主要产物为硫酸盐;但紫外光照射对SO_2在α-Fe_2O_3表面的反应并没有明显的影响.推测机理可能是光照促进了颗粒物表面的亚硫酸盐向硫酸盐的转化.     

UV强化草酸络合Fe2+活化过硫酸盐氧化苯胺研究

采用UV强化草酸络合Fe2+活化过硫酸钠(PS)氧化降解苯胺,研究了UV光照促进苯胺降解的作用机制,考察了pH、草酸浓度和UV光照强度对PS活化及苯胺降解的影响.结果表明,引入UV光照后,草酸络合Fe2+活化PS体系中的PS活化率和苯胺降解率分别提高了68%和41%.在该过程中,UV可通过光解或光电离水分子产生·OH、促进发生光化学Fenton反应、直接活化PS等作用机制降解苯胺,但通过光化学反应促进Fe2+循环转化是提高PS持续活化效果和苯胺去除的首要作用机制;中碱性及强酸性环境因不利于Fe(C2O4)3-3形成,会对PS活化过程产生抑制,但当初始pH为7和9时,由于PS活化分解促进反应体系pH下降,PS活化及苯胺降解均取得较好效果;草酸浓度的增加有利于PS活化,但当草酸浓度高于2.5 mmol·L~(-1)时,会对SO·-4产生强烈竞争,导致苯胺降解率出现下降;增加UV光照强度能显著促进PS活化和苯胺氧化去除,当UV光照强度达到117μW·cm-2时,反应150 min后,PS的分解率和苯胺的去除率均可达到100%.     

Addressing the challenges of implementing safety instrumented systems in multi-product batch processes

Adapting the requirements of IEC 61511 to a batch system can be frustrating, particularly for multi-product units. While a Safety Instrumented System (SIS) for continuous operation is often a straightforward detect-decide-act loop, implementing a SIS for a batch system may involve multiple safety functions, time- or state-dependence, intricate calculations, or complex installations. Relationships between the SIS elements and the basic process control system (BPCS) must be tightly managed, providing both for the safety of the unit and its ability to operate without spurious trips or other hindrances. These issues are further complicated when multiple products requiring different functions or setpoints are produced in the same SIS-protected batch unit.This paper will discuss the challenges particular to the design, operation, and maintenance of a SIS in multi-product batch operations and present practical options for successfully resolving the concerns. A key insight into successful adaptation is treating the batch SIS as a “permission” system for the BPCS to operate. Although many items can be addressed through clever engineering practices, sustainable success relies on proactive, robust management of the safety lifecycle.     

水体中几种无机离子对硝酸根敏化甲芬那酸光降解影响研究

以中压汞灯为光源,研究环境浓度范围内硝酸根对甲芬那酸(MEF)光降解的影响机制.结果表明,甲芬那酸在不同浓度硝酸根溶液中的光解反应符合准一级动力学规律,其降解速率常数随硝酸根离子浓度增大而增大,当硝酸根离子浓度由0增至1 mmol·L-1时其速率常数由0.00627 min-1增至0.0232 min-1;以异丙醇为分子探针检测到羟基自由基存在于MEF光解过程中;光解过程中产生亚硝酸根,其浓度随着反应的进行而不断增大;碱性水环境对硝酸根敏化甲芬那酸的光解反应有利;碳酸盐、氯离子、三价铁对硝酸根敏化甲芬那酸光解产生抑制作用.采用UPLC/MS/MS对硝酸根敏化MEF光降解产物进行鉴定,并提出3条可能的光解路径.毒性研究表明,在硝酸根敏化甲芬那酸光降解过程中,生成了具有较甲芬那酸而言更高风险的中间产物.     

Rubber cultivation and sustainable development in Xishuangbanna,China

SUMMARY

Xishuangbanna in southwest China is a tropical and subtropical region with extraordinary traditional cultures and attractive landscapes. Rubber cultivation is a key production source undergoing rapid growth. It contributes substantially to improvement of the local economic situation and partially replaces traditional slash-and-burn agriculture in the uplands, but it also results in biodiversity loss and environmental degradation and disturbs the peaceful life of the indigenous people. We discuss the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) preserved in daily practices and the present types of rubber plantations and suggest the application of TEK, in particular, the indigenous land-use experience to rubber cultivation, in order to promote sustainability in local economic development and ecological well-being.     

钢制药筒装药的烤燃实验与数值模拟研究

以122mm钢制药筒装药为研究对象,开展了不同热通量下钢制药筒装药烤燃实验及数值模拟研究。以石膏粉替代发射药,通过烤燃实验研究了122mm钢制药筒内置石膏粉在不同热通量下的温升曲线、温升过程中的最高温度点及其达到发射药热点火温度的时间,并与数值模拟结果对比,得到一定程度上符合较好的结果。通过对数值模拟模型及结果的合理性分析,对122mm钢制药筒内置9/7发射药在不同热通量下的烤燃情况进行了数值模拟,得到不同热通量下钢制药筒装药的燃爆点、燃爆温度及燃爆时间,并得到燃爆温度及燃爆时间与环境热通量的关系,以其为参考,对弹药的日常储运安全及消防安全具有一定的指导意义。     

Phosphate removal using aerobic bacterial consortium and pure cultures isolated from activated sludge

In the present study, an attempt is made to evaluate the kinetics of biological phosphate removal using a bacterial consortium of activated sludge, as well as screening for dominant polyphosphates accumulating bacteria. The results showed an efficient phosphate uptake (P < 0.001) of the consortium, with rates related to the initial concentration of both phosphate and carbon sources. Short chain volatile fatty acids presented the suitable substrates for enhanced biological phosphorus removal, of which maximum yield reached 99.23% and 78.51% in basal salt medium supplemented with 0.5% of sodium acetate and lactate respectively. Fifteen phosphate-accumulating bacteria were isolated from the activated sludge and only four isolates were selected and characterized as Pseudomonas aeruginosa AS1, Moraxella lacunata AS2, Acinetobater junii AS3 and Alcaligenes denitrificans AS4. The highest efficiency of phosphate uptake using pure culture was achieved with Ac. junii AS3 (83.36) followed by P. aeruginosa AS1 (81.78%), Al. denitrificans AS4 (76.72%), and M. lacunata AS2 with 50.6%.     

高效生物絮凝剂产生菌的诱变选育

为得到絮凝活性高的优良菌株,采用紫外线诱变和化学诱变相结合的方法对野生菌株XN-3进行人工育种,选育出性能优良、遗传稳定的变异菌株UH-2-4,其絮凝率达到96.8%,比原菌株提高了25.1%。并研究了金属离子、投加量对其絮凝活性的影响。     

臭氧预氧化对饮用水处理作用的实验研究

目前,饮用水污染严重,常规工艺处理出现了水质不能达标的现象.本文主要研究在常规工艺增加预臭氧-活性炭过滤工艺,对不同的预臭氧投加量进行实验.结果表明:预臭氧投加量,对工艺各单元的处理效果有一定关系,随着投加量的增加,各单元对浊度、CODMn、UV254的去除呈现增大后趋于平缓甚至下降的趋势,而最佳臭氧的投加量为0.65 mg/L.为实际预臭氧-活性炭过滤工艺的运行提供指导.     

Numerical and experimental investigations on laser melting of stainless steel 316L metal powders

This paper presents numerical and experimental investigations on laser melting of SS grade 316L powder on top of AISI 316L substrate using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The objectives of the present study are to understand the effect of process parameters such as laser power, scanning speed and beam size on geometry characteristics of the melt zone and ball formation. We formulated a moving heat source problem and obtained transient temperature solutions using commercial finite element solver. The geometry characteristics of the melt zone are evaluated from the temperature solutions and compared with experimental results. The effect of laser parameters on the geometry, morphology and homogeneity of single track realization was methodically analyzed by utilizing characterization tools such as laser particle size analyzer, macro and microscopic inspection, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results presented in this paper are beneficial to realize homogenous layer formation in additive manufacturing processes involving powder melting by laser beam.