三北防护林工程区植被覆盖变化与影响因子分析

利用1982~2006年间GIMMS AVHRR NDVI植被覆盖数据和气象站点气候数据,分析了三北防护林工程区25a来植被覆盖的时空变化特征及其与气温、降水变化的相关性,并在此基础上通过采用残差分析法探讨了人类活动对研究区植被覆盖变化影响的空间格局.结果表明:研究区25a的年植被变化量增加幅度略大于减少幅度,植被覆盖整体呈缓慢上升趋势,其中Ⅰ区和Ⅳ区NDVI值上升最明显(P<0.001),Ⅱ区则呈微弱下降趋势,而四大建设区植被覆盖度有不同程度提高;研究区植被和气温、降水整体呈正相关关系,17.74%的地区植被与气温呈负相关,而6.84%的地区呈正相关,10.60%的地区植被与降水呈负相关,19.53%的地区则呈正相关,植被与降水正相关面积明显大于植被与气温正相关面积,说明降水是研究区植被生长的关键因子;研究区植被残差年际变化显著正相关面积大于显著负相关面积,人类活动对植被建设作用要强于破坏作用,三北防护林建设工程带来的生态效益正在呈现.     

磷肥和稻草对土壤重金属形态、微生物活性和植物有效性的影响

采用原位化学固定法,通过向土壤中添加修复剂磷肥和稻草,研究其对土壤中重金属形态、植物有效性和土壤微生物活性的影响.结果表明:添加磷肥和稻草可改变土壤中重金属Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的形态分布,使土壤中重金属高植物有效性的酸提取态比例降低;其中以磷肥+稻草组下降最多,酸提取态Cu比例从对照的50.4%降至8.7%,酸提取态Cd从56.2%降至29.5%,酸提取态Zn从32.9%降至25.1%,酸提取态Pb从21.1%降至检测限以下.磷肥、稻草及磷肥+稻草修复土壤后,4种重金属在油菜(Brassica napus L.)中的含量显著降低,且油菜干生物量由对照的0.46 g分别增至0.97、1.53和2.28 g.同时土壤中微生物活力得到提高,土壤微生物生物量碳由对照的19.16 mg/kg最高增至966.71 mg/kg,而代谢呼吸率由对照的21.95 mg/(kg.h)最大升至158.63 mg/(kg.h).证明磷肥和稻草可降低重金属对油菜和土壤微生物的毒性胁迫,改善污染土壤质量,促进植物和土壤微生物的生长.      

双酚A类似物雌激素干扰效应的定量结构-活性关系模型

由于双酚A(BPA)具有内分泌干扰等毒性效应,有些国家已经开始限制其在部分工业品生产中使用。一些双酚A类似物因用于替代BPA而被大量使用。因其与双酚A具有相似的分子结构,双酚A类似物是否也具有内分泌干扰等毒性效应受到越来越多的关注。采用逐步多元线性回归(MLR)方法,构建了可预测双酚A类似物雌激素效应的定量结构-活性关系模型。模型的决定系数R~2=0.899,去一法交叉验证系数Q_(LOO)~2=0.868,Bootstrapping验证系数Q_(BOOT)~2=0.755,均方根误差RMSE=0.339,表明模型具有较好的拟合优度、稳健性;验证集决定系数Q_(EXT)~2=0.921,外部验证系数Q_(EXT)~2=0.810,均方根误差RMSE=0.638,表明模型具有较好的预测能力。采用欧几里德距离方法和Wil iams图表征了模型应用域,依据分子描述符对模型进行了机理解释,并用所建模型,填补了22种其他双酚A类似物缺失的雌激素干扰效应数据。     

纳米氧化铜(CuO NPs)对紫花苜蓿幼苗根系活性氧(ROS)、抗氧化酶活性和根系活力的影响

根系通常是植物直接受到外界环境物质(如重金属离子和纳米金属氧化物)毒害的主要器官。本研究以紫花苜蓿的幼苗为实验材料,探讨了CuO NPs胁迫对紫花苜蓿幼苗根系的活性氧(ROS)积累、抗氧化酶活性和根系活力的影响。研究结果表明:(1)不同浓度的CuO NPs对紫花苜蓿幼苗根系H_2O_2和O-2·含量具有显著影响。随CuO NPs浓度增大,紫花苜蓿幼苗根系中H_2O_2和O-2·整体上呈现先增大后减少的趋势,除了0.00125 mol·L~(-1)CuO NPs浓度下紫花苜蓿幼苗根系中H_2O_2含量比对照减少外,其他浓度下的H_2O_2和O-2·的含量都比对照有所增加,并且H_2O_2和O-2·的含量都是在0.0125 mol·L~(-1)CuO NPs浓度下达到最大值。(2)不同浓度的CuO NPs对紫花苜蓿幼苗根系抗氧化酶活性具有显著影响。随CuO NPs浓度增大,紫花苜蓿幼苗根系中SOD、POD、APX和CAT酶的活性都呈现先增大后减少的趋势,其中,SOD和POD、APX、CAT酶的活性分别是在0.00625、0.0125、0.0625 mol·L~(-1)CuO NPs处理下达到最大,表明这些抗氧化酶在清除根系中的活性氧方面表现出较强的协同性和补偿性。(3)不同浓度的CuO NPs对紫花苜蓿幼苗根系活力具有显著的影响。随着CuO NPs浓度的增加,紫花苜蓿幼苗根系活力逐步升高,这是一种生物适应性应激响应的体现。     

孕酮诱导非洲爪蟾卵母细胞生发泡破裂(GVBD)实验方法的优化及干扰物质筛查

非洲爪蟾卵母细胞生发泡破裂(GVBD)是生物学上研究卵细胞成熟过程及其机制的良好模型。由于GVBD受激素的调控,曾有研究将孕酮诱导的非洲爪蟾GVBD试验用于内分泌干扰物的筛查。通过预注射人体绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)提高非洲爪蟾卵母细胞对孕酮的敏感性、缩小个体差异,缩短试验时间等优化GVBD试验方法;并选用甲氧氯作为阳性参照物对优化的方法进行验证,最后用此方法研究了米非司酮、来曲唑、咪鲜胺3种化学物质对孕酮诱导GVBD的影响。结果发现,甲氧氯对GVBD的发生具有明显抑制作用,随着剂量的增加抑制作用增强,显示优化方法的可靠性。米非司酮作为孕酮受体拮抗剂,没有表现出抑制GVBD的效应,证明孕酮诱导爪蟾GVBD并非完全由孕酮受体(PR)介导。同时,来曲唑和咪鲜胺对孕酮诱导爪蟾GVBD没有影响,显示此两种物质在孕酮诱导GVBD过程中不具有内分泌干扰作用。     

Relationships between octan‐1‐ol/water partition coefficients,aqueous activity coefficients and reversed phase HPLC capacity factors of alkylbenzenes,chlorobenzenes, chloronaphthalenes and chlorobiphenyls

Linear relationships between logarithms of octan‐1‐ol/water partition coefficients (K_d,oct), aqueous activity coefficients (y_aq) and extrapolated RP HPLC capacity factors (k‘_w) are found for four types of aromatic hydrocarbons (alkylbenzenes and poly‐chlorinated benzenes, ‐naphthalenes and ‐biphenyls).

Both log K,_d,oct and logk‘_w increase with the increasing number of chlorine or methyl‐ene substituents. These increases of log K,_d,oct and log k‘_w are proportional and almost independent of the parent compound. In addition, these increases are linear to increases of logy_aq. The slopes of logk‘_w‐logy_aq and log K,_d,oct‐logv_aq relationships deviate significantly from 1.0. This suggests that the activity coefficients of the test compounds in both octan‐1‐ol and in the stationary phase of the RP column increase after substitution of aromatic compounds with methylene or chlorine.     

沸石生物基材料促进污泥消化工艺研究

将活化沸石在厌氧状态下进行生物膜挂膜,制成沸石生物基材料并将其运用于城市剩余污泥消化中,研究沸石生物材料促进污泥厌氧消化的效果。结果表明:沸石生物基材料对污泥总固体量和挥发性固体都有较好的去除效果,去除率分别在50.4%～62.8%和56.8%～81.4%,其中粒径为200目的风干沸石生物基材料对污泥总固体减重率高达62.8%;对污泥上清液中氨氮和COD的去除效果明显且稳定,沸石生物基材料在风干状态下对污泥消化的促进效果更佳。     

洱海表层沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性时空变化

研究了2010—2011年洱海表层沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性的时空变化,并探讨了沉积物及水体理化因子对碱性磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明:①洱海表层沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性为45.63～144.67μmol/(g·h),空间分布总体呈北部＞南部＞中部,受外源污染物输入影响较大的区域,其沉积物中w(TN)、w(TP)较高,碱性磷酸酶活性也较高;②洱海表层沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性呈明显的季节性变化特征,秋季(11月)<冬季(2月)<春季(5月)<夏季(8月),并且西部沿岸区域的季节性变化差异显著;③碱性磷酸酶活性与沉积物中w(OM)、w(TN)、w(OP)、w(TP)、m(C)/m(N)及水体ρ(OP)、ρ(TN)和ρ(COD_Mn)呈显著正相关. 沉积物及水体的理化因子是影响其碱性磷酸酶活性的重要内因,而外源污染物输入则是重要外因.      

Antifungal activity of volatile metabolites emitted by mycelial cultures of saprophytic fungi

The antifungal activity of molecular identified Chilean saprobiontic fungi, Trichoderma viride, Schizophyllum commune and Trametes versicolor, on the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum, and the saprotrophic mould Mucor miehei was investigated using two types of inhibition bioassay: (1) bi-compartmented Petri dishes and (2) two Erlenmeyer flasks connected by their upper parts. The chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by saprobiontic fungi was also investigated using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Of the saprobiontic fungi evaluated, one isolate of S. commune showed the highest inhibitory activity against B. cinerea and M. miehei, 86.0±5.4 and 99.5±0.5% respectively. The volatile profiles of fungal isolates were shown to contain a different class of compounds. The major components in the headspace of mycelial cultures were 6-pentyl-α -pyrone (T. viride), ethanol and β -bisabolol (S. commune), and a sesquiterpene alcohol (Tr. versicolor). This is the first study reported on the release of VOCs by Chilean native fungi and their antifungal activity wrt. plant pathogenic fungi.     

Studies on the water extracts of medicinal plants grown in copper mining areas and their antioxidant effects

High copper (Cu) accumulation in medicinal plants might favor lipid peroxidation and hence affect antioxidant responses. This effect was studied by determining antioxidant activities in the water extracts of medicinal plants from Cu mining impact site and compared with control samples. Antioxidant activities of the extracted medicinal plants were assayed by measuring (1) total phenolic and flavonoid contents, (2) diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)^? free radical scavenging activity, and (3) inhibition capacities of lipid peroxidation. The total phenolic as well as total flavonoid contents of the mining impact samples and control samples are not significantly different. However, inhibition of lipid peroxidation capacities was significantly less (12–60%) for mining impact samples as reflected by the IC₅₀ values. These anomalies were attributed to high concentrations of Cu (2–4-fold higher) in mining impact samples as measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A positive correlation was observed between Cu levels and IC₅₀ values for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation for mining impact samples.